Chapter 8 Cell wall changes during bacterial endospore formation

Buchanan, C E; Henriques, Adriano O.; Piggot, Patrick J.

doi:10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60411-1

Cited by 28 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 124 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…5B). The 0.4-kb probe hybridized to RNA1 at t 4.5 and t 6 and to RNA2 at t 4.5 and weakly at t 6 . The intensities of RNA1 and RNA2 at t 4.5 were about the same, suggesting similar contributions of RNA1 and RNA2 in producing the CwlD protein.…”

Section: Fig 4 Spore Germination Of B Subtilis Ac327 Add1 and Acmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Since the intensity of the signal of the RNA2 band was weaker than that of RNA1 (Fig. 5A), we changed the hybridizing probe from the 0.9-kb EcoRI-SacI fragment containing orf1 and the 5Ј half of the cwlD gene to the 0.4-kb HindIII fragment containing only the 5Ј half of the cwlD gene, followed by hybridization for B. subtilis AC327 (wild-type) RNAs at t 4.5 and t 6 (Fig. 5B).…”

Section: Fig 4 Spore Germination Of B Subtilis Ac327 Add1 and Acmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spore germination of the cwlD mutant measured by colony formation after heat treatment was less than 3.7 ؋ 10 Bacillus subtilis produces several autolysins (9), including two major autolysins (CwlB [LytC] and CwlG [LytD]) (23,28,31,40). CwlB is a 50-kDa N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (amidase) which cleaves the amide bond between the lactyl group of muramic acid and the ␣-amino group of Lalanine (23,28), and CwlG is a 90-kDa endo-␤-N-acetylglucosaminidase which cleaves the glycosyl bond between glucosamine and muramic acid (31,40).During sporulation and germination, the action of autolysins is assumed to be required for asymmetric septum peptidoglycan hydrolysis, which is a morphogenic transition between sporulation stages II and III, cortex maturation, mother cell lysis, and cortex hydrolysis during germination (5,6,13,42,45). The spore cortex, with a chemical structure slightly distinct from that of vegetative cell wall peptidoglycan, is apparently responsible for the maintenance of spore dormancy (6, 9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During sporulation and germination, the action of autolysins is assumed to be required for asymmetric septum peptidoglycan hydrolysis, which is a morphogenic transition between sporulation stages II and III, cortex maturation, mother cell lysis, and cortex hydrolysis during germination (5,6,13,42,45). The spore cortex, with a chemical structure slightly distinct from that of vegetative cell wall peptidoglycan, is apparently responsible for the maintenance of spore dormancy (6, 9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spore cortex, with a chemical structure slightly distinct from that of vegetative cell wall peptidoglycan, is apparently responsible for the maintenance of spore dormancy (6,9). At the onset of germination, the cortex is selectively hydrolyzed, leaving a thin layer of vegetative cell peptidoglycan which forms the basis of the new vegetative cell wall (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Nucleotide sequence and regulation of a new putative cell wall hydrolase gene, cwlD, which affects germination in Bacillus subtilis.

et al. 1995

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

DNA sequencing of a region upstream of the mms223 gene of Bacillus subtilis showed the presence of two open reading frames, orf1 and orf2, which may encode 18-and 27-kDa polypeptides, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequence of the latter shows high similarity to a major autolysin of B. subtilis, CwlB, with 35% identity over 191 residues, as well as to other autolysins (CwlC, CwlM, and AmiB). The gene was tentatively named cwlD. Bright spores produced by a B. subtilis mutant with an insertionally inactivated cwlD gene were committed to germination by the addition of L-alanine, and spore darkening, a slow and partial decrease in A 580 , and 72% dipicolinic acid release compared with that of the wild-type strain were observed. However, degradation of the cortex was completely blocked. Spore germination of the cwlD mutant measured by colony formation after heat treatment was less than 3.7 ؋ 10 Bacillus subtilis produces several autolysins (9), including two major autolysins (CwlB [LytC] and CwlG [LytD]) (23,28,31,40). CwlB is a 50-kDa N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (amidase) which cleaves the amide bond between the lactyl group of muramic acid and the ␣-amino group of Lalanine (23,28), and CwlG is a 90-kDa endo-␤-N-acetylglucosaminidase which cleaves the glycosyl bond between glucosamine and muramic acid (31,40).During sporulation and germination, the action of autolysins is assumed to be required for asymmetric septum peptidoglycan hydrolysis, which is a morphogenic transition between sporulation stages II and III, cortex maturation, mother cell lysis, and cortex hydrolysis during germination (5,6,13,42,45). The spore cortex, with a chemical structure slightly distinct from that of vegetative cell wall peptidoglycan, is apparently responsible for the maintenance of spore dormancy (6, 9). At the onset of germination, the cortex is selectively hydrolyzed, leaving a thin layer of vegetative cell peptidoglycan which forms the basis of the new vegetative cell wall (11). Germination-specific cortex-lytic enzymes which are apparently responsible for hydrolysis of the spore cortex during the germination response have been purified from spores of Bacillus megaterium KM (11, 12) and Bacillus cereus (30). It has proved difficult to solubilize autolysins from spores of B. subtilis (5, 9), although several sporulation-specific lytic activities have been identified by means of synthetic substrates (16) or by using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with substrate-containing gels (9). We recently cloned a sporulation-specific cell wall hydrolase gene (cwlC) from B. subtilis (20). CwlC degraded spore cortex peptidoglycan, but its function is still obscure.We report here that a new gene exhibiting sporulation phase-specific gene expression, cwlD, encodes a putative cell wall hydrolase and that spores from a mutant having an insertionally inactivated cwlD gene are deficient in germination. MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains, phages, and plasmids. The strains of B. subtilis used in this s...

show abstract

Section: Fig 4 Spore Germination Of B Subtilis Ac327 Add1 and Acmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Fig 4 Spore Germination Of B Subtilis Ac327 Add1 and Acmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Nucleotide sequence and regulation of a new putative cell wall hydrolase gene, cwlD, which affects germination in Bacillus subtilis.

et al. 1995

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Enhancing and monitoring spore production in Clostridium butyricum using pH‐based regulation strategy and a robust soft sensor based on back‐propagation neural networks

Xu,

Zhang,

Wang

et al. 2023

Biotech & Bioengineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) is a probiotic that forms anaerobic spores and plays a crucial role in regulating gut microbiota. However, the total viable cell count and spore yield of C. butyricum in industrial production are comparatively low. To this end, we investigated the metabolic characteristics of the strain and proposed three distinct pH regulation strategies for enhancing spore production. In addition, precise measurement of fermentation parameters such as substrate concentration, total viable cell count, and spore concentration is crucial for successful industrial probiotics production. Nevertheless, online measurement of these intricate parameters in the fermentation of C. butyricum poses a considerable challenge owing to the complex, nonlinear, multivariate, and strongly coupled characteristics of the production process. Therefore, we analyzed the capacitance and conductivity acquired from a viable cell sensor as the core parameters for the fermentation process. Subsequently, a robust soft sensor was developed using a seven‐input back‐propagation neural network model with input variables of fermentation time, capacitance, conductivity, pH, initial total sugar concentration, ammonium ion concentration, and calcium ion concentration. The model enables the online monitoring of total viable biomass count, substrate concentrations, and spore yield, and can be extended to similar fermentation processes with pH changes as a characteristic feature.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

show abstract

Cell Wall Structure

Structural and Functional Relationships in Prokaryotes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chapter 8 Cell wall changes during bacterial endospore formation

Cited by 28 publications

References 124 publications

Nucleotide sequence and regulation of a new putative cell wall hydrolase gene, cwlD, which affects germination in Bacillus subtilis.

Nucleotide sequence and regulation of a new putative cell wall hydrolase gene, cwlD, which affects germination in Bacillus subtilis.

Enhancing and monitoring spore production in Clostridium butyricum using pH‐based regulation strategy and a robust soft sensor based on back‐propagation neural networks

Cell Wall Structure

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About