Chapter Ten. 1800-1810

Wynn, Graeme

doi:10.3138/9781442632677-013

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Royal Navy ships patrolled for slave ships, engaged in surveillance of maritime fisheries, transported British troops, and maintained colonial order as part of the NAWI (e.g., Greer, 2015; Harris, 1987; Lloyd, 1949; Willcock, 1962). More importantly, the early years of the dockyard connected directly to the histories of enslavement (e.g., Jarvis, 2010; Maddison‐MacFadyen, 2017), and to the importance of BNA forests in maintaining Britain's maritime empire (Lower, 1973; Sutherland, 1978; Wynn, 1981; Wynn, 1994). Following the Napoleonic Wars, the region's forests and watersheds supplied the timbers for shipbuilding and imperial infrastructure, which enabled the “triangular” trade of timber, salt, fish, sugar, rum, molasses, and slaves across the North Atlantic (e.g., Maddison‐MacFadyen, 2012).…”

Section: Towards Critical Dendroprovenancing: Conceptual and Methodol...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of our key early hypotheses was that the timbers would most likely have come from BNA. This was based on evidence that the province of New Brunswick was originally colonized as a timber colony through Indigenous land dispossession, as well as on a supposition that if the Royal Navy was already seasonally migrating from Halifax to Bermuda, there would be an established pattern of trade to move goods, including timbers, between these two locations (Wynn, 1994). Admiralty records at the National Archives in London appeared to confirm our early hypothesis, indicating large amounts of timbers shipped from BNA to Bermuda during the time period coinciding with the construction of early buildings at the Dockyard.…”

Section: Dendroprovenancingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the historic legacies of empire from the timbers left behind: Towards critical dendroprovenancing in the British North Atlantic

Greer

Csank

Calvert³

et al. 2023

Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes

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The forests of British North America were integral to Britain's maritime empire. Many of these timbers exist today as wooden beams and flooring at historical dockyards and garrisons such as the Royal Naval Dockyard of Bermuda. In this paper, we investigate what timbers from this Dockyard can tell us about interconnections and empire‐building throughout the North Atlantic region. To do this we drew from approaches of critical physical geography, historical geography, and dendroprovenancing by using timber as a way to interrogate collaboratively the changes in—and connections across—socio‐ecological landscapes. We examined HM Customs records between 1825 and 1850 to determine the flow of timbers to Bermuda. We then sampled timbers from buildings constructed between 1825 and 1853 and analyzed them using isotopic and dendrochronological techniques to establish the probable location of origin of the timber samples. HM Customs records showed that prior to the 1840s, timbers primarily came from British North America, whereas post‐1840 timbers primarily came from the southeastern United States, with some still coming from Europe and British North America. To establish whether timber use by the Royal Navy and Royal Engineers matched the pattern in the customs documents, we looked to the dendrochronological records. Dendrochronologic evidence showed that military construction followed the same pattern, with buildings constructed pre‐1840 using material from British North America and buildings constructed post‐1840 using timbers sourced from the southeastern United States. Finally, using this information we explore some of the connections between regions, in terms of resource use, and the implications of those uses—for example, that the British Admiralty continued to benefit from the practices of slavery through the use of products produced from enslaved labour in other parts of the North Atlantic well after emancipation.

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Section: Towards Critical Dendroprovenancing: Conceptual and Methodol...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dendroprovenancingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the historic legacies of empire from the timbers left behind: Towards critical dendroprovenancing in the British North Atlantic

Greer

Csank

Calvert³

et al. 2023

Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes

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“…The 1760 Richibucto Treaty was actually signed at Bay Verte, contrary to other statements that it was signed in Halifax (Bird, 1928 (Canada, 2010) The following year, 1761, Augustin Michael of Richibucto and Joseph Alegemoure of Chignecto, along with other Chiefs, travelled to Halifax and signed obligations of allegiance (Whitehead, 1991). Settlers arrived in Amherst, Sackville, and Cumberland in 1761 (Wynn, 1994;Pincombe & Larracey, 1990). In 1762, Governor Belcher issued a proclamation reserving the right to protect Indian lands and ensure the treaties were not violated, and to remove squatters from those lands (Hamilton & Spray, 1977).…”

Section: The History Of Chignecto and Surrounding Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Fingard, 1972;Wynn, 1994, p. 224). These children were instructed in the Protestant faith, but faced abuse and exploitation (Wynn, 1994). Oliver Arnold, the director of the school, had taken on six Indian children, earning him "£120 a year" (Wynn, 1994, p. 224).…”

Section: Two Proclamations By New Brunswick Lieutenant Governor Sir Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dispossession of the Míkmaq Indians from Chignecto to Elsipogtog: A Case Study Analysis of the Health Determinants of the Physical Environment

Augustine¹

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Traditionally, the Míkmaq enjoyed an interconnected relationship with the land, harvesting what they needed from the earth and the ocean, guided by the concept of Netukulimk, the practice of sustainability. Upon the arrival of European settlers, new trade practices were introduced, and what was once plentiful was quickly depleted. Although the original inhabitants were assured that their lands would be protected by agreements and treaties, these assurances proved to be false, and the traditional relationship with the land was threatened, as the Míkmaq-presaging the fate of most Indigenous Peoples in Canada-were dispossessed of their historical lands and forced to live on reserves; many of them far away from the environments to which they had had biological and spiritual ties. Land is central to our understanding of current Indigenous health issues; centering around how the Míkmaq traditionally employed land and resources, what changes in that relationship were brought about by colonization, and how their removal to reserves influenced their relationship vis-à-vis their environment. In addressing the ways that land policies, post-first contact, were developed and implemented over time, it is possible and necessary to juxtapose that history with the story of the forced mobilization of the Míkmaq and examine the effects that the dispossession of land had upon their livelihood and economic activity. Informed by McGibbon's paradigm of the cycles of oppression, Boyer's study of the determinants of health is used as a lens to undertake an historical analysis of the habitation patterns of the Míkmaq who formerly resided in Sikniktuk (currently concentrated in Elsipogtog, once known as Big Cove Reserve and Richibucto Reserve #15). This critical ethnography argues that while dispossession from traditional lands and the subsequent decline of the Míkmaq population constitute a profoundly negative social determinant of health, the Elsipogtog community has responded to these conditions with resilience and perseverance. Dedication This is dedicated to all those who died before, during, and after the suicide crisis:

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Monarchism, an Emerging Canadian Identity, and the 1866 British North American Trade Mission to the West Indies and Brazil

Smith

Greer

2016

The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

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Chapter Ten. 1800-1810

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Understanding the historic legacies of empire from the timbers left behind: Towards critical dendroprovenancing in the British North Atlantic

Understanding the historic legacies of empire from the timbers left behind: Towards critical dendroprovenancing in the British North Atlantic

The Dispossession of the Míkmaq Indians from Chignecto to Elsipogtog: A Case Study Analysis of the Health Determinants of the Physical Environment

Monarchism, an Emerging Canadian Identity, and the 1866 British North American Trade Mission to the West Indies and Brazil

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