Chapter X The 1962 3He Scale of Temperatures

Roberts, Tricia; Sherman, R.H.; Sydoriak, S.G.; Brickwedde, F. G.

doi:10.1016/s0079-6417(08)60158-4

Cited by 14 publications

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“…H ence, if one wished to obtain the vapor pressure of H e 3 which is most probably isothermal with a given H e 4 vapor pressure, ;t slightly better value (in terms of consistency with the observed data) may be obtained by drawing a smooth curve through these data points or by using direct interpolation equations as discussed in Part I. However, the overall fit of the Scale to the inpu t data is very satisfactory in comparison with the errors of measurement of the two vapor pressures.I Much of the maierial in this paper III has been included ill a review chapter [52] on the development of ih e seale., IYork performed und er ihe auspices of t he U. S. Atomic Energy Commission . …”

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The 1962 He3 scale of temperatures. III. Evaluation and status

Roberts

Sherman

Sydoriak

1964

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN. SECT. A.

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In this third paper: the 1962 11e3 Scale of T emperatures is evaluated both as to its pre cision a nd its devi ation s from the thermodynamic K elvin Scale. Variou s ther modynamic quantities of If e3 con sistent with the 1962 11 e 3 Scale are derived and listed. The correct ion to a n observed vapor pressure for small amounts of 11e' is di scussed a nd tabulated . A descrip tion is given of the method of m llitiple variable least squares an alys is used for d eriving the final scale equ at ion and for re-analys is of isotherm dat a . F inally the present status of the 1962 IIe 3 Scale is discussed a long wit h som e con sideration s for the future. One factor in evaluating the 1962 H e 3 Scale is the fit of the input vapor-pressure data of Part I [46] to the Scale. Figure 1 and table 1 of Part II [6] show the deviations of the observed da ta from the final scale as T 62 (P 3) -T 5s(P 4)' The symbol T 62 is the temperature on t.he 1962 He 3 Scale corresponding to a He 3 vapor pressure, P 3, while T 58 is the tempera ture on the 1958 He 4 Scale [2] corresponding to the experimentally determined isothermal He 4 vapor pressure, P 4 • The standard deviation of the data from the scale is 0.25 mdeg and the maximum deviation over the full range is 0.6 mdeg. The data may not scat,ter completely randomly. For example, the data points just below 2 O K are all b elow the 1958 He 4 Scale and the point.s just above 2 O K are all above the 1958 He 4 Scale. H ence, if one wished to obtain the vapor pressure of H e 3 which is most probably isothermal with a given H e 4 vapor pressure, ;t slightly better value (in terms of consistency with the observed data) may be obtained by drawing a smooth curve through these data points or by using direct interpolation equations as discussed in Part I. However, the overall fit of the Scale to the inpu t data is very satisfactory in comparison with the errors of measurement of the two vapor pressures.I Much of the maierial in this paper III has been included ill a review chapter [52] on the development of ih e seale., IYork performed und er ihe auspices of t he U. S. Atomic Energy Commission . 567 Fit of the Experimental Thermodynamic Equation (ETE) ScaleBelow 0.9 O K the 1962 He 3 Scale was evaluated by examining its fit to the ETE Scale described in Part II. The ETE Scale is defined by a linear equation fitted to an empirical function, FX(P3,T), of H e 3 vapor pressure and temperature,As shown by the full line curve in figure 1 of P art II, temperatures calculated from eq (1) are in good agreement with the 1962 He 3 Scale; nowhere b elow 2 O K do the scales differ by more than 0.4 mdeg. the 1962 He 3 Scale, defined by eq (9b) of P art II, is therefore in effect an ETE scale from 0.2 to 2° and an empirical scale above 2 O K.The effect of possible errors in the various terms of the equation for the ETE scale, over the temperature range from 0.2 to 1.0 O K, should also be considered in evaluating the 1962 H e 3 Scale. The ETE scale was obtained from a least squares fit of the H e 3 -H e 4 vap...

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“…I Much of the maierial in this paper III has been included ill a review chapter [52] on the development of ih e seale.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The 1962 He3 scale of temperatures. III. Evaluation and status

Roberts

Sherman

Sydoriak

1964

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN. SECT. A.

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“…Figure 1 shows the decoupling conditions, as well as calculated values for the bracketed term of the coupling factor α, obtained by using the entropy data of Refs. [15][16][17], and by assuming ideal mixture between the two helium isotopes. Superfluid and normal fluid densities in mixture were evaluated according to Refs.…”

Section: Sound Conversion and Coupling Factorsmentioning

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Decoupling of first sound from second sound in dilute He3–superfluidHe4 mixtures

2016

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Riekki, Tapio; Manninen, M. S.; Tuoriniemi, Juha Decoupling of first sound from second sound in dilute 3He-superfluid 4He mixtures Bulk superfluid helium supports two sound modes: first sound is an ordinary pressure wave, while second sound is a temperature wave, unique to superfluid systems. These sound modes do not usually exist independently, but rather variations in pressure are accompanied by variations in temperature, and vice versa. We studied the coupling between first and second sound in dilute 3 He -superfluid 4 He mixtures, between 1.6 and 2.2 K, at 3 He concentrations ranging from 0% to 11%, under saturated vapor pressure, using a quartz tuning fork oscillator. Second sound coupled to first sound can create anomalies in the resonance response of the fork, which disappear only at very specific temperatures and concentrations, where two terms governing the coupling cancel each other, and second sound and first sound become decoupled.

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“…1 shows the decoupling conditions, as well as calculated values for the bracketed term of the coupling factor α, obtained by using the entropy data of Refs. [14][15][16], and by evaluating the superfluid and normal fluid densities in mixture according to Refs. [12,[17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Sound Conversionmentioning

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Decoupling between first sound and second sound in $^3$He - superfluid $^4$He mixtures

Riekki,

Manninen,

Tuoriniemi

2016

Preprint

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Bulk superfluid helium supports two sound modes: first sound is an ordinary pressure wave, while second sound is a temperature wave, unique to inviscid superfluid systems. These sound modes do not usually exist independently, but rather variations in pressure are accompanied by variations in temperature, and vice versa. We studied the coupling between first and second sound in dilute 3 He -superfluid 4 He mixtures, between 1.6 K and 2.2 K, at 3 He concentrations ranging from 0 to 11 %, under saturated vapor pressure, using a quartz tuning fork oscillator. Second sound coupled to first sound can create anomalies in the resonance response of the fork, which disappear only at very specific temperatures and concentrations, where two terms governing the coupling cancel each other, and second sound and first sound become decoupled.

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Chapter X The 1962 3He Scale of Temperatures

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

The 1962 He3 scale of temperatures. III. Evaluation and status

The 1962 He3 scale of temperatures. III. Evaluation and status

Decoupling of first sound from second sound in dilute He3–superfluidHe4 mixtures

Decoupling between first sound and second sound in $^3$He - superfluid $^4$He mixtures

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