Char-Forming Additives in Flame Retardant Systems

Weil, Edward D.; Zhu, Weiming; Kim, H.; Patel, Navin G.; Montelera, L. Rossi Di

doi:10.1533/9781845698584.2.33

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Antagonistic effects have been observed in flame retarded formulations containing certain metallic ions, as for instance, copper exchanged A type zeolites [16]. However, no attempt was made to remove the metals from the waste catalyst, since promising studies have also been reported in the literature with certain metals and metal compounds, such as iron and tin [17][18][19].…”

Section: Experimental Characterization Of the Waste Fcc Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spent Refinery Catalyst as a Flame Retardancy Enhancer in an Intumescent Polymeric System

Estevão

Nascimento

Bras

et al. 2004

Journal of Fire Sciences

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Spent oil refinery catalyst from the FCC unit has been evaluated as an additive in intumescent flame retardant formulations containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER) in an ethylene– butyl acrylate–maleic anhydride terpolymer matrix. UL-94, LOI and cone calorimetry analyses were carried out and the results show that the addition of small amounts of the catalyst to the additive system greatly enhances flame retardancy performance of the intumescent formulations. All materials containing intumescent formulations were V0 rated according to the UL-94 standard. A ten unit increase in LOI values was observed by the addition of 5 wt.% of catalyst to the APP/PER formulations, and significant lowering in the rate of heat release, total heat evolved, smoke, CO and CO2 emission were detected by cone calorimetry.

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Section: Experimental Characterization Of the Waste Fcc Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spent Refinery Catalyst as a Flame Retardancy Enhancer in an Intumescent Polymeric System

Estevão

Nascimento

Bras

et al. 2004

Journal of Fire Sciences

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“…Synergism describes the behavior of two materials that create a stronger effect than the superposition of the single components . When looking at flame retardancy, synergists enhance certain modes of action that result in higher values for LOI, better UL 94 classification, or better performance in cone calorimetric measurements. , With synergists the load of flame retardant can be reduced, or better performance achieved with an equal loading. Synergism between silicon synergists and ATH has been reported for multiple systems. , One mode of action is the formation of a protective layer that can be enhanced by silicon-based synergists, for example, SiO 2 particles, − layered silicates (“nano clay”), − and low melting glass. , These synergists are inert and non-toxic and do not release hazardous compounds during combustion, which makes them a perfect additive for sustainable biocomposites. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 When looking at flame retardancy, synergists enhance certain modes of action that result in higher values for LOI, better UL 94 classification, or better performance in cone calorimetric measurements. 20,21 With synergists the load of flame retardant can be reduced, or better performance achieved with an equal loading. Synergism between silicon synergists and ATH has been reported for multiple systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Flame Retardancy of Aluminum Trihydroxide in Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites Using Waste Fibers and Silicon-Based Synergists

Rockel,

Sánchez Olivares,

Schartel

2024

ACS Sustainable Resour. Manage.

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“…They are halogen free, have low toxicity, and have been widely applied in PP [7]. The intumescent formulation is usually composed of three active components: an acid source such as ammonium polyphosphate (APP), which generates acidic species during its thermal degradation at temperatures below 280 • C, a carbonaceous agent, which is generally a polyhydroxylated compound such as pentaerythritol (PER), and a blowing agent, which throughout its thermal degradation releases non-flammable gases, such as ammonia, causing swelling of the system, and forming a superficial and protective intumescent layer called char [8][9][10]. This phosphocarbonaceous material is formed by macromolecular and crystalline cells of polyaromatic rings linked by fragments of polymeric chain and phosphate groups [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Application of H-ZSM-5 Zeolites with Different Levels of Acidity as Synergistic Agents in Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials

et al. 2019

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Several studies show a synergistic effect between intumescent formulations and aluminosilicates, such as zeolites and clays, but little is known about the effect of acidity of these additives on the synergistic action. In this work, H-ZSM-5 zeolite was submitted to desilication treatments for 30 min and for 2 h, and silicalite-1 was synthesized. The objective was to obtain samples of equivalent crystalline structure, but with different amounts of acid sites, in order to evaluate the effect of acid concentration of H-ZSM-5 zeolites on the synergistic action with an intumescent formulation composed by ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol in polypropylene. H-ZSM-5 zeolites and silicalite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption analysis and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia. The desilication produced H-ZSM-5 zeolites with similar volumes of mesopores in both treatments, but the zeolite resulting from 2 h of desilication presented a higher concentration of acid sites than the zeolite from 30 min. The flame-retardant properties were evaluated by UL-94 classification, limiting oxygen index, glow-wire, thermogravimetric analysis and heating microscopy. The results showed that increasing the concentration and accessibility of the acid sites of H-ZSM-5 zeolites the flame-retardant properties of the studied composites improved. It is suggested that the increase of acid site concentration positively influences the catalysis of the reaction between ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol, favoring the production of the precursors of the intumescent layer.

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Char-Forming Additives in Flame Retardant Systems

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Spent Refinery Catalyst as a Flame Retardancy Enhancer in an Intumescent Polymeric System

Spent Refinery Catalyst as a Flame Retardancy Enhancer in an Intumescent Polymeric System

Improving the Flame Retardancy of Aluminum Trihydroxide in Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites Using Waste Fibers and Silicon-Based Synergists

Synthesis and Application of H-ZSM-5 Zeolites with Different Levels of Acidity as Synergistic Agents in Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials

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