Characterisation and biosynthesis of d-erythroascorbic acid in Phycomyces blakesleeanus

Baroja‐Mazo, Alberto; Valle, Pilar del; Rúa, Javier; Cima, Sergio de; Busto, Félix; Arriaga, Dolores de; Smirnoff, Nicholas

doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2005.01.005

Cited by 25 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Its formation is suggested by the upregulation of the gene for a key enzyme in its biosynthesis, D-arabino-1,4-lactone oxidase. D-Erythroascorbate glucoside has also been reported to accumulate in the spores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus (6). We further identified potential additional sources for H 2 O 2 generation, i.e., D-aspartate race- FIG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Expression of Biomass-Degrading Enzymes Is a Major Event during Conidium Development in Trichoderma reesei

et al. 2011

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The conidium plays a critical role in the life cycle of many filamentous fungi, being the primary means for survival under unfavorable conditions. To investigate the transcriptional changes taking place during the transition from growing hyphae to conidia in Trichoderma reesei, microarray experiments were performed. A total of 900 distinct genes were classified as differentially expressed, relative to their expression at time zero of conidiation, at least at one of the time points analyzed. The main functional categories (FunCat) overrepresented among the upregulated genes were those involving solute transport, metabolism, transcriptional regulation, secondary metabolite synthesis, lipases, proteases, and, particularly, cellulases and hemicellulases. Categories overrepresented among the downregulated genes were especially those associated with ribosomal and mitochondrial functions. The upregulation of cellulase and hemicellulase genes was dependent on the function of the positive transcriptional regulator XYR1, but XYR1 exerted no influence on conidiation itself. At least 20% of the significantly regulated genes were nonrandomly distributed within the T. reesei genome, suggesting an epigenetic component in the regulation of conidiation. The significant upregulation of cellulases and hemicellulases during this process, and thus cellulase and hemicellulase content in the spores of T. reesei, contributes to the hypothesis that the ability to hydrolyze plant biomass is a major trait of this fungus enabling it to break dormancy and reinitiate vegetative growth after a period of facing unfavorable conditions. Differentiation into a dormant resting stage (most frequently called "spores") has been developed by a broad variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms to survive long periods of environmentally unfavorable conditions (19,38). For a diverse group of fungi that includes many medically, industrially, and agriculturally important species, conidiation is also a common asexual reproductive mode and primary means for dispersion in the environment. It involves major rearrangements of many fundamental growth and cell cycle processes (including temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression, cell specialization, and intercellular communication) (13,17,37).The genetic mechanisms controlling these processes in fungi have been addressed in some detail for only two well-studied ascomycetes, Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa, which, despite displaying similar general mechanisms, revealed significant differences (2, 10, 13, 47). A common feature of fungal spores from both species, however, is their content of a high number of RNAs that can be rapidly translated at the very beginning of germination, thus minimizing the time and energy needed to initiate growth once a suitable substrate becomes available.The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (the anamorph of the pantropical ascomycete Hypocrea jecorina [28]) is intensively investigated because of its ability to produce plant biomass-hydrolyzing enzyme mixtur...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Expression of Biomass-Degrading Enzymes Is a Major Event during Conidium Development in Trichoderma reesei

et al. 2011

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“…A third biosynthetic pathway using D-galacturonate has been reported in some protist and green plant species (21,45–47). Finally, it has been determined that fungi do not synthesize ascorbate, but rather produce D-erythroascorbate, a molecule with similar antioxidant properties (48–51). The pathway by which this molecule is made has not been fully elucidated, but it is believed that the formation of D-erythroascorbate proceeds through D-arabinose (43,48).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans biosynthesizes ascorbate

Patananan¹,

Budenholzer²,

Pedraza³

et al. 2015

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

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L-ascorbate, commonly known as vitamin C, serves as an antioxidant and cofactor essential for many biological processes. Distinct ascorbate biosynthetic pathways have been established for animals and plants, but little is known about the presence or synthesis of this molecule in invertebrate species. We have investigated ascorbate metabolism in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, where this molecule would be expected to play roles in oxidative stress resistance and as cofactor in collagen and neurotransmitter synthesis. Using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry, we determined that ascorbate is present at low amounts in the egg stage, L1 larvae, and mixed animal populations, with the egg stage containing the highest concentrations. Incubating C. elegans with precursor molecules necessary for ascorbate synthesis in plants and animals did not significantly alter ascorbate levels. Furthermore, bioinformatic analyses did not support the presence in C. elegans of either the plant or the animal biosynthetic pathway. However, we observed the complete 13C-labeling of ascorbate when C. elegans was grown with 13C-labeled Escherichia coli as a food source. These results support the hypothesis that ascorbate biosynthesis in invertebrates may proceed by a novel pathway and lay the foundation for a broader understanding of its biological role.

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“…It has reported that the D‐EAA and D‐erythroascorbate glucoside (D‐EAAG) are naturally molecules occurring in Phycomyces blakesleeanus and a Zygomycete fungus (Fig. ), providing evidence that both compounds protect the glutathione pool and β‐carotene from hydrogen peroxide‐induced depletion and suggesting that they act as antioxidants in vivo . It has been described that D‐EAA and D‐EAAG with a capacity similar to that of L‐AA to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli show greater antioxidant activities than the standard antioxidant of resveratrol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been described that D‐EAA and D‐EAAG with a capacity similar to that of L‐AA to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli show greater antioxidant activities than the standard antioxidant of resveratrol. Therefore, the aforementioned compounds can be used as common antioxidants in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A computational investigation on the geometries, stabilities, antioxidant activity, and the substituent effects of the L‐ascorbic acid and their derivatives

Zhao

Yuan

Liu

et al. 2013

Int J of Quantum Chemistry

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The geometries, stabilities, and antioxidant activities of L‐Ascorbic acid (1a), D‐erythroascorbate (2a), and D‐erythroascorbate glucoside (3a) as well as their sulfur and selenium derivatives are systematically investigated by using density functional theory. Emphasis is placed on studies of the two main mechanisms, that is, hydrogen atom donation and single‐electron transfer, and the O—H bond dissociation enthalpy and the ionization potential are computed in the gas phase and water solution. The calculated results indicate that the 2‐OH group in the five‐membered ring acts as an important H atom donor to free radicals. The 2‐OH radical spin density distribution shows that the unpaired electron is mostly located at the C3 atom of the five‐membered ring and partially at the vicinal O atoms, proving that a certain delocalization of the odd electron is effective in the five‐membered ring. In water aqueous solution, the antioxidant capacity and the electron donating ability are increased as the O atom in the five‐membered ring of 1a, 2a, and 3a is replaced by S and Se, respectively, in good agreement with experimental measurements; Furthermore, their antioxidant capacities are enhanced as compared with the standard antioxidant (resveratrol). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Characterisation and biosynthesis of d-erythroascorbic acid in Phycomyces blakesleeanus

Cited by 25 publications

References 54 publications

Expression of Biomass-Degrading Enzymes Is a Major Event during Conidium Development in Trichoderma reesei

Expression of Biomass-Degrading Enzymes Is a Major Event during Conidium Development in Trichoderma reesei

The invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans biosynthesizes ascorbate

A computational investigation on the geometries, stabilities, antioxidant activity, and the substituent effects of the L‐ascorbic acid and their derivatives

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