Characterisation of aerosol from Santiago, Chile: an integrated PIXE–SEM–EDX study

Morata, Diego; Polvé, Mireille; Valdés, A.; Belmar, Mauricio; Dinator, M. I.; Silva, M.; Leiva, A G Manuel; Aigouy, Thierry; Morales, J. R.

doi:10.1007/s00254-007-1141-8

Cited by 28 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…It is bounded by the high Andes (4,500 m altitude on average) to the east, a lower parallel mountain range to the west (1,500 m altitude on average), and two east-to-west mountain chains to the north and south of the basin (Fig. 1) (Morales and Leiva 2006;Morata et al 2008). The Mediterranean-like weather in Santiago is characterized by the quasi-permanent influence of the subtropical Pacific High.…”

Section: Study Area and Measurements Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1) (Leiva et al 2012;Morales and Leiva 2006;Morata et al 2008). Due to the high levels of urban PM, in 1996 the city of Santiago was declared PM 10 , i.e., particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers or less, and carbon monoxide (CO) saturated ambient, by the Environmental Minister (formerly the National Commission of Environment).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A study of water-soluble inorganic ions in size-segregated aerosols in atmospheric pollution episode

Toro

Morales

et al. 2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Particulate matter, the main pollutant in the atmospheric environment of the Santiago city in winter, was analyzed by means of the major water-soluble ionic species obtained under critical episodes of pollution in 2003. The particulate matter samples were collected using the Micro-Orifice uniform deposit impactors, with eight impactor stages connected in series, and the ionic species in particulate matter samples at each stage was analyzed by ion chromatography. While sulfate ion and nitrate ion showed bi-modal distributions, peaking in the fine and coarse mode, ammonium ion displayed a bi-modal size distribution, peaking in the fine and ultra fine mode. The equivalent concentration ratio of ammonium to sulfate was 2.03 ± 0.09, indicating the complete neutralization of sulfuric acid by ammonia. The excess ammonium ion was associated to nitrate ion. The study of the size distribution of water-soluble inorganic ions in particulate matter supports the notion that secondary aerosols play a significant role in the urban atmosphere.

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Section: Study Area and Measurements Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of water-soluble inorganic ions in size-segregated aerosols in atmospheric pollution episode

Toro

Morales

et al. 2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Composition and, more rarely, size distribution have been assessed sporadically for aerosols in Santiago in connection with short-term campaigns (e.g., Morata et al, 2008;Gramsch et al, 2009). In this study, we used the aerosol composition reported in the latest version of the Attainment Plan for Santiago (PPDA, 2010), which refers to a composition analysis of particulates in Santiago for 2005 which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been published in the scientific literature.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With lack of better data, aerosol refractive indexes and densities were taken from the literature, except for the density of dust. Morata et al (2008) provided a mineralogical analysis of collected aerosols in Santiago with aerodynamic diameter > 2 µm. These particles can be associated with the dust category in Table 1 (Valdés, 2011).…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Satellite Retrievals of Aerosol Optical Depth over a Subtropical Urban Area: The Role of Stratification and Surface Reflectance

Escribano

Gallardo

Rondanelli

et al. 2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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We explore the relationship between satellite retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and surface aerosol mass concentrations over a subtropical urban area, namely, Santiago, Chile (33.5°S, 70.6°W, 500 m.a.s.l.). We compare 11 years of AOD from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) with in situ particulate matter mass concentrations (PM). MODIS AOD reaches its maximum in summer and minimum in winter, the opposite of the annual cycle of surface PM. To improve our understanding of the relevant governing processes, we use a simple model that estimates the boundary layer (BL) AOD based on measured PM, relative humidity and BL height (BLH) as well as best estimates of aerosol composition, size distribution, and optical properties. Model results indicate that a weak annual AOD cycle is due to the opposite annual cycles in BLH and PM, which is largely supported by the Aerosol Robotic NETwork (AERONET) data collected in 2001 and 2002 in Santiago. We identify a possible bias linked to the operational estimate of surface reflectance that may lead to a spurious summer maximum in MODIS AOD over Santiago. This misfit in surface reflectance appears to affect not only Santiago but also a significant area of the semi-arid Southern South America. Sensitivity experiments with the simple model indicate an underestimate of simulated AOD as compared to AERONET data. This underestimate points to the possible role of residual aerosol layers in the AOD measured at the surface (not included in the simple model). Cirrus clouds appear not to play a significant role in explaining the MODIS AOD seasonality. The need for improved characterizations of aerosol properties and their temporal and spatial distribution in cities such as Santiago is emphasized.

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PM2.5 in the central part of Upper Silesia, Poland: concentrations, elemental composition, and mobility of components

Rogula–Kozłowska

Błaszczak

Szopa

et al. 2012

Environ Monit Assess

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The paper discusses ambient concentrations of PM(2.5) (ambient fine particles) and of 29 PM(2.5)-related elements in Zabrze and Katowice, Poland, in 2007. The elemental composition of PM(2.5) was determined using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The mobility (cumulative percentage of the water-soluble and exchangeable fractions of an element in its total concentration) of 18 PM(2.5)-related elements in Zabrze and Katowice was computed by using sequential extraction and EDXRF combined into a simple method. The samples were extracted twice: in deionized water and in ammonium acetate. In general, the mobility and the concentrations of the majority of the elements were the same in both cities. S, Cl, K, Ca, Zn, Br, Ba, and Pb in both cities, Ti and Se in Katowice, and Sr in Zabrze had the mobility greater than 70%. Mobility of typical crustal elements, Al, Si, and Ti, because of high proportion of their exchangeable fractions in PM, was from 40 to 66%. Mobility of Fe and Cu was lower than 30%. Probable sources of PM(2.5) were determined by applying principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis and computing enrichment factors. Great part of PM(2.5) (78% in Katowice and 36% in Zabrze) originated from combustion of fuels in domestic furnaces (fossil fuels, biomass and wastes, etc.) and liquid fuels in car engines. Other identified sources were: power plants, soil, and roads in Zabrze and in Katowice an industrial source, probably a non-ferrous smelter or/and a steelwork, and power plants.

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Characterisation of aerosol from Santiago, Chile: an integrated PIXE–SEM–EDX study

Cited by 28 publications

References 38 publications

A study of water-soluble inorganic ions in size-segregated aerosols in atmospheric pollution episode

A study of water-soluble inorganic ions in size-segregated aerosols in atmospheric pollution episode

Satellite Retrievals of Aerosol Optical Depth over a Subtropical Urban Area: The Role of Stratification and Surface Reflectance

PM2.5 in the central part of Upper Silesia, Poland: concentrations, elemental composition, and mobility of components

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