Characterisation of blink dynamics using a high‐speed infrared imaging system

Abstract

Author contributions: MNC & MLR: involved in all aspects of study conception and design; data acquisition, analysis and interpretation; and drafting and critically revising the manuscript. PBM & CMC: involved in study design; data interpretation; and critically revising the manuscript.

Evaluation of the Lubricating Effect of Hyaluronic Acid on Contact Lenses Using a Pendulum-Type Friction Tester Under Mimicking Physiological Conditions

“…18 Shaw et al 20 reported that the static upper eyelid pressure was about 8.0 mm Hg (¼ 1.067 kPa) measured using a piezo resistive pressure sensor attached to a rigid CL. Because the area of the SCL used was 158.3 mm 2 , the force was calculated to be 0.1689 N. Therefore, we set the weight of the load at 17.2 g. 18 Regarding the blinking speed, Navascues-Cornago et al 21 reported closing (129.3 and 140.8 mm/sec) and opening (48.6 and 58.0 mm/sec) blink speeds measured using infrared illumination and white light illumination methods, respectively. The length from the fulcrum center to a gravity center in this tester was set to 27 mm.…”

Impact of Incomplete Blinking Analyzed Using a Deep Learning Model With the Keratograph 5M in Dry Eye Disease

“…Although infrared light, which is not visible to the patient, may a better choice to promote the capture of truly spontaneous blinking, more time is required with this light source to identify the eyelid movements, which is the reason for a low recording frame rate. 33 Further research is warranted to determine the lowest luminance of white light that permits accurate blink data to be obtained from a recording frame rate of 30 FPS, perhaps further optimizing recording conditions.…”

BCLA CLEAR - Effect of contact lens materials and designs on the anatomy and physiology of the eye

“…For example, both dry eye disease (DED) and contact lens wear cause an increase in blink-rate [7][8][9]. Substantial variability in spontaneous blink rate has been reported in the literature, which may be attributed to a number of factors including methodology employed [10], task performed during blink assessment [7,[11][12][13][14], gaze direction [12,15,16], cognitive and emotional factors [17] and inter-participant variability [18,19]. The exact nature of the stimulus responsible for the increase in blink-rate during contact lens wear is not clear, but tear film instability, visual disturbance and symptoms of ocular irritation may provide stimulation for blinking [7,20].…”

“…The measurement of blink characteristics has been challenging and complex using traditional methods [17,36]. However, the increased availability and accessibility of technologies such as high-speed digital cameras [10,37,38] and mobile phones [39] have facilitated the investigation of human blinking. Additionally, commercially available instruments designed for tear film analysis, such as the LipiView II interferometer or the IDRA ocular surface analyser, have the capability to measure some aspects of blink dynamics, allowing eye care practitioners (ECPs) to assess blink characteristics in the clinical setting.…”