Characterisation of burden of illness measures associated with human (Fluoro)quinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp. infections – a scoping review

Abstract

Campylobacter spp. are one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in Canada and worldwide. Fluoroquinolones are often used to treat complicated human campylobacteriosis and strains of Campylobacter spp. resistant to these drugs are emerging along the food chain. A scoping review was conducted to summarize how human (fluoro)quinolone-resistant (FQR; quinolones including fluoroquinolones) Campylobacter spp. infections are characterized in the literature by describing how burden of illness (BOI) associated with FQR is measured and reported, describing the variability in reporting of study characteristics, and providing a narrative review of literature that compare BOI measures of FQR Campylobacter spp. infections to those with susceptible infections. The review identified 26 studies that yielded many case reports, a lack of recent literature, and a lack of Canadian data.Studies reported 26 different BOI measures and the most common were hospitalization, diarrhea, fever, and duration of illness. There were mixed results as BOI measures reported in literature were inconsistently defined and there were limited comparisons between resistant and susceptible infections. This presents a challenge when attempting to assess the magnitude of the BOI due to FQR Campylobacter spp., highlighting the need for more research in this area.

The impacts of animal agriculture on One Health—Bacterial zoonosis, antimicrobial resistance, and beyond

“…in chickens, many of the Campylobacter spp. isolated from diarrhea patients are quinolone-resistant [ 92 , 93 ]. Genomic analysis showed that the genotypes of some human and avian Campylobacter strains are overlapping.…”

Campylobacter occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profile in under five-year-old diarrheal children, backyard farm animals, and companion pets

“…The use of inappropriate antimicrobials for empirical treatment might contribute to the selection of resistant strains and AMR. Antimicrobial resistance can result from a genetic mutation within the organism or acquiring resistance genes from other organisms following selection pressures in humans and animals [12].…”

“…Campylobacter exposure to antimicrobials is expected to be high. Inappropriate empirical treatment of enteritis in children is common in the study area, and resistant infections result in toxicity, increased morbidity and mortality rates, and a heightened cost of care [12]. Up till now, data on Campylobacter enteritis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) profiles in children with acute diarrhea in homes with backyard farm animals and/or companion pets is expected to be inaccurate in Ethiopia, due to the use of difficult to compare and/or suboptimal methods for isolation and AST.…”