Characterisation of cholinesterases and evaluation of the inhibitory potential of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos to Artemia salina and Artemia parthenogenetica

Varó, Inmaculada; Navarro, Juan Carlos; Amat, Francisco; Guilhermino, Lúcia

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00075-9

Cited by 94 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…swimming speed alteration is affected by Eserine much more than mortality. This is in agreement with the observations by Varó et al (2002), who found it difficult to characterize Artemia sp. ChE enzymes as AChE or BChE, since they show intermediate characteristics between the two forms.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

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Swimming speed alteration of Artemia sp. and Brachionus plicatilis as a sub-lethal behavioural end-point for ecotoxicological surveys

et al. 2010

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In this study, we investigated the possibility to improve a new behavioural bioassay (Swimming Speed Alteration test-SSA test) using larvae of marine cyst-forming organisms: e.g. the brine shrimp Artemia sp. and the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Swimming speed was investigated as a behavioural end-point for application in ecotoxicology studies. A first experiment to analyse the linear swimming speed of the two organisms was performed to verify the applicability of the video-camera tracking system, here referred to as Swimming Behavioural Recorder (SBR). A second experiment was performed, exposing organisms to different toxic compounds (zinc pyrithione, Macrotrol MT-200, and Eserine). Swimming speed alteration was analyzed together with mortality. The results of the first experiment indicate that SBR is a suitable tool to detect linear swimming speed of the two organisms, since the values have been obtained in accordance with other studies using the same organisms (3.05 mm s(-1) for Artemia sp. and 0.62 mm s(-1) for B. plicatilis). Toxicity test results clearly indicate that swimming speed of Artemia sp. and B. plicatilis is a valid behavioural end-point to detect stress at sub-lethal toxic substance concentrations. Indeed, alterations in swimming speed have been detected at toxic compound concentrations as low as less then 0.1-5% of their LC(50) values. In conclusion, the SSA test with B. plicatilis and Artemia sp. can be a good behavioural integrated output for application in marine ecotoxicology and environmental monitoring programs.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…exposure to Eserine, ZnPT and MT200 for 24 and 48 h: percentage of mortality (black bars) and swimming speed alteration (white bars), as to the control (M ± SE, n = 3). * p \ 0.05, ** p \ 0.01, ANOVA and SNK Test Varó et al 2002;Pineda-Rosas et al 2005). The neurotransmitter AChE is generally involved in the motor control of somatic muscles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Swimming speed alteration of Artemia sp. and Brachionus plicatilis as a sub-lethal behavioural end-point for ecotoxicological surveys

et al. 2010

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“…In the current study, we observed significant inhibition in the activity of AChE enzyme after 4 h. Although the levels of dichlorvos used were sublethal, the level of AChE inhibition even at the lowest dichlorvos concentration was very high, in excess of 60%. Similar results have been reported for fish species, crustaceans [42,43], gastropods, and oligochaetes [44], wherein sublethal concentrations of OPI have induced 70-90% inhibition of ChE. Several OPI also have the potential to phosphorylate a wide variety of proteins, affecting the function of a number of esterases, proteases, cytoskeletal proteins, and protein kinases involved in cell signaling [45,46] as well as other protein targets [47,48].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Evaluation of sublethal effects of dichlorvos upon Caenorhabditis elegans based on a set of end points of toxicity

Jadhav¹,

Rajini²

2009

J Biochem & Molecular Tox

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The primary objective of this study was to examine a possible correlation among the three endpoints of toxicity, namely, stress gene expression (hsp16), feeding, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in transgenic C. elegans (hsp16-lacZ) exposed to sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos, an organophosphorus insecticide. Worms exposed to dichlorvos (at 5, 40, and 80 microM) exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition in feeding with total cessation in feeding occurring beyond 4 h of exposure. Concomitantly, marked and dose-dependent inhibition (69%-90%) of AChE was also evident after 4 h of exposure. Induction of heat shock protein (Hsp) was evident after 4 h of exposure (as seen from quantitative analysis), although maximum expression of Hsp was evident only after 24 h of exposure (as evident from qualitative analysis). Interestingly, the Hsp induction was restricted only to the pharyngeal region. Significant correlation was discernible between the three evaluated end points suggesting their possible interrelated role in the physiological dysfunctions evoked by sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos.

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“…In the feature it might be interesting to test other sub-lethal chronic toxic effects, such as biomarkers (i.e. enzymatic activity) 10 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term Lethal Toxicity Test with the Crustacean <em>Artemia franciscana</em>

Manfra

Savorelli

Pisapia

et al. 2012

JoVE

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Our research activities target the use of biological methods for the evaluation of environmental quality, with particular reference to saltwater/ brackish water and sediment. The choice of biological indicators must be based on reliable scientific knowledge and, possibly, on the availability of standardized procedures. In this article, we present a standardized protocol that used the marine crustacean Artemia to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals and/or of marine environmental matrices. Scientists propose that the brine shrimp (Artemia) is a suitable candidate for the development of a standard bioassay for worldwide utilization. A number of papers have been published on the toxic effects of various chemicals and toxicants on brine shrimp (Artemia). The major advantage of this crustacean for toxicity studies is the overall availability of the dry cysts; these can be immediately used in testing and difficult cultivation is not demanded 1,2 . Cyst-based toxicity assays are cheap, continuously available, simple and reliable and are thus an important answer to routine needs of toxicity screening, for industrial monitoring requirements or for regulatory purposes 3 . The proposed method involves the mortality as an endpoint. The numbers of survivors were counted and percentage of deaths were calculated. Larvae were considered dead if they did not exhibit any internal or external movement during several seconds of observation 4 . This procedure was standardized testing a reference substance (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate); some results are reported in this work. This article accompanies a video that describes the performance of procedural toxicity testing, showing all the steps related to the protocol. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at http://www.jove.com/video/3790/ Protocol Method StandardOur testing involves exposing Artemia larvae to an interval of substance concentrations or a test sample for the purpose of determining the concentration or dilution levels that would cause the death of 50% of the organisms (LC 50 ) exposed over 14 days and meeting the conditions defined by this method. If necessary and possible, the following may also be determined: a) the concentration level that causes the death of 20 % of organisms exposed (LC 20 ); b) the highest analyzed concentration level that does not determine a higher mortality rate than that of the negative control (NOEC); the lowest tested concentration level that determines, after 14 days, a higher mortality rate than that of the negative control (LOEC).

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Characterisation of cholinesterases and evaluation of the inhibitory potential of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos to Artemia salina and Artemia parthenogenetica

Cited by 94 publications

References 19 publications

Swimming speed alteration of Artemia sp. and Brachionus plicatilis as a sub-lethal behavioural end-point for ecotoxicological surveys

Swimming speed alteration of Artemia sp. and Brachionus plicatilis as a sub-lethal behavioural end-point for ecotoxicological surveys

Evaluation of sublethal effects of dichlorvos upon Caenorhabditis elegans based on a set of end points of toxicity

Long-term Lethal Toxicity Test with the Crustacean <em>Artemia franciscana</em>

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