Characterisation of Pinus canariensis C.Sm. ex DC. Sawn Timber from Reforested Trees on the Island of Tenerife, Spain

Abstract

Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis C.Sm. ex DC) is a species endemic to the Canary Islands (Spain) that was for centuries overexploited for its wood and resin. Due to the state of the pine forest, more than 10,000 hectares were reforested in the middle of the 20th century. Now, under the silvicultural management plan, thinning operations have allowed Canary Island pine wood to be mechanically characterised for the first time using large test pieces. In total, 1529 pieces measuring 2600 × 120 × 35 mm and visually graded according to Spanish standard UNE 56544 (Visual grading of large structural coniferous sawn timber) were assessed, resulting in 872 pieces in grades ME-1 and ME-2 and 657 rejects. After the characteristic values of density (479–453 kg∙m−3), modulus of elasticity (MOE) (14,023–11,276 N∙mm−2) and bending strength (MOR) (26–14 N∙mm−2) were determined for both grades (ME-1 and ME-2), strength class C24 was assigned to grade ME-1, with similar values to Pinus radiata D.Don and Pinus pinaster Aiton, and C14 was assigned to grade ME-2. Density, number of growth rings, growth ring width, and presence/absence of resinous wood have a significant influence on MOE and MOR, for a confidence level of 95%. Reforestation of Canary Island pine not only allows restoration of the forest cover, but also provides an opportunity, through thinning, to obtain quality wood, helping to create employment and associated industry. This local example with an endemic species can be extrapolated to other parts of the world.

Reliability and Mechanical Properties of Materials Recycled from Multilayer Flexible Packages

“…Some examples are: the Wild Pine (Spain) with values around 30 MPa or Central American Pine species (Pinus Cooperi and Pinus Ponderosa) with values around 35 MPa. [ 53 , 54 ].…”

Analysis of Mechanical Behavior through Digital Image Correlation and Reliability of Pinus halepensis Mill.

“…To address this issue, the standard UNE 56535: 1977 [10] (updated in 2017) establishes the bases for the necessary testing to determine MOR c from a simple compression test. In addition, the standard UNE-EN 408: 2011 + A1: 2012 [11] establishes the bases for the determination of the modulus of of 23 elasticity in static bending (MOE f ) using conventional techniques for the measurement of deformations (i.e., strain gauges or electrical resistance strain sensors) during a static bending test [12][13][14][15]. However, these are invasive and destructive methods because, for test data collection, the sensors must penetrate into the material and be fixed by an adhesive element.…”