Characterisation of post-production raw material from the Raciszyn II deposit as a material suitable for the production of alkaline-activated materials

Abstract

The clay is the basic raw material used in the production of a wide range of ceramic products. However, global guidelines encourage limiting the consumption of natural resources in the production process. For this reason, research is being conducted in developing technologies that enable the production of full-value products by using post-process materials. The article presents the properties of post-production clay sourced from the Jurassic limestone Raciszyn II deposit. In this study, the results of mineralogical (X-ray diffraction) and chemical (X-ray fluorescence) analysis of post-production raw material will be presented. In addition, the leachability in water and the natural radioactivity of the material were established, which determines the possibility of using the raw material in building applications. It was found that, because of the presence of minerals from the kaolinite group in the post-production raw material from Raciszyn II deposit, it is suitable for the production of alkaline-activated materials. However, it was necessary to determine the temperature range of its thermal treatment. The processes occurring in the post-production raw material during its heating were characterised by means of thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and mass spectroscopy thermal analysis-coupled techniques. The compressive strength properties of alkali-activated materials, produced from the post-process material from Raciszyn, analysed after 14 and 28 days of curing, were also presented.

Adsorption Capacity of Vitamin B12 and Creatinine on Highly-Mesoporous Activated Carbons Obtained from Lignocellulosic Raw Materials

“…A leading role within the research dedicated to enterosorbents is played by the activated carbons [18] obtained from raw materials of vegetal origin (nutshells, fruit seeds, grape seeds, etc.) [19,20]. The morphological structure of these sources of raw matter favors the obtaining of specimens of activated carbon with high performance values [21] regarding adsorption capacity and increased mechanical resistance [22][23][24].…”

Eco-Friendly Fired Brick Produced from Industrial Ash and Natural Clay: A Study of Waste Reuse

“…Scientists have used different methods [ 19 ] to increase the porosity in modern brick production. A wide variety of waste materials have also been tested as sources of additives, including paper production residue [ 20 ]; cigarette butts [ 21 ]; rice husk ash [ 22 , 23 ]; kraft pulp production residue [ 24 ]; waste tea [ 25 ]; sawdust [ 26 ]; vine shoots [ 27 ]; vegetable matter [ 28 ]; pineapple leaf fibers [ 29 ]; organic matter [ 7 ]; sugarcane bagasse ash waste [ 30 ]; incorporated biomasses [ 31 ]; corn cobs [ 32 ]; organic and inorganic wastes [ 33 ]; ice husks, sawdust, coir pith and fly ash [ 16 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]; granite sawing wastes [ 39 ]; municipal solid waste incinerator slag [ 40 ]; kaolin fine quarry residue, granulated blast-furnace slag and granite–basalt fine quarry residue [ 41 ]; Waelz slag and waste foundry sand [ 42 ]; industrial nanocrystalline aluminum sludge [ 43 ]; waste glass [ 44 ]; construction and demolition waste [ 45 ]; and crumb rubber, cement kiln dust, mine tailings, slags, wood sawdust, cotton waste, limestone powder and petroleum effluent treatment plant sludge [ 19 , 46 , 47 , 48 ].…”

Process Design for a Production of Sustainable Materials from Post-Production Clay

“…Calcined clays, and especially metakaolin, have become a significant part of the raw materials base of AAC, and can be used both, as a main aluminosilicate precursor of AAC and as a supplementary component in blended activated systems [ 2 ]. The most precursor materials used in AAC are structurally disordered, being either glassy (e.g., FA, blast furnace slag) or thermally disrupted layer structures (e.g., metakaolin and other calcined clays) [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Therefore, this class of materials is very versatile and locally adaptable [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”