Characterisation of some Scutellonema species (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) occurring in Botswana, South Africa, Costa Rica and the USA, with description of S. clavicaudatum sp. n. and a molecular phylogeny of the genus

Abstract

The genusScutellonemacontains more than 40 species of spiral nematodes with enlarged phasmids called scutella. In this study, we provide morphological and molecular characterisation ofS. clavicaudatumsp. n.,S. brachyurus,S. bradys,S. cavenessi,S. transvaalense,S. truncatumandScutellonemasp. A. from North and Central America, and Africa. The new species,S. clavicaudatumsp. n., was found on sugarcane in South Africa and is characterised by a lack of lip annuli as inS. africanum,S. siamenseandS. truncatum. The lip region, in both males and females, is conical and marked by six large rectangular blocks separated or fused with the submedian and lateral lip sectors, which surround a round and distinct labial disc. Females of this new species also have large vaginal glands, a functional spermatheca, the lateral field posterior to the scutellum ending in a bluntly pointed shape and a clavate tail. Morphological descriptions, measurements, light and scanning electron microscopic photos and drawings are also given forS. bradys,S. cavenessi,S. transvaalenseandS. truncatum. The study of spiral nematode samples from Florida, USA, confirmed the presence of a morphologically and genetically atypical populations ofS. bradys. The morphology of theS. bradyspopulation from Bermuda grass in pasture land from central Florida fits that of type specimens of this species, but differs in having a truncate tail terminus rather than round and also a prominent spermatheca filled with flagellate spermatozoa. Other FloridaScutellonemasamples analysed in this study belonged toS. cavenessi, a species native to West Africa. This is the first report ofS. cavenessiin Florida, where it parasitises the ornamental plantSansevieria trifasciata. Our study showed a high level of intraspecific variation forScutellonemarRNA and mtDNA genes, which can reach 5.6% for the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA, 12.9% for the ITS rRNA genes and 14.4% for theCOIgene. Phylogenetic relationships withinScutellonemaare given as inferred from the analyses of the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA and theCOImtDNA gene sequences.

Morphological and molecular characterisation of Scutellonema species from yam (Dioscorea spp.) and a key to the species of the genus

“…The Bayesian inference (BI) trees comprised three major, well-supported clades. Clade I, sister to Clade II and III, which included S. brachyurus type A, S. brachyurus type B, S. clavicaudatum Van den Berg, Tiedt, Stanley, Inserra & Subbotin, 2017 (not in COI -based tree), S. paralabiatum, S. truncatum, Scutellonema sp. A, and Scutellonema sp.…”

“…The topologies based on both rDNA and mt COI are in agreement with Van den Berg et al . (2013 , 2017 ), especially in respect to the three major clades (I, II and III) displayed.…”

“…The mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase I gene (mtCOI) (Hebert et al, 2003), which is commonly used for barcoding, has also been explored for a limited number of nematode species (Palomares-Rius et al, 2014), including Scutellonema spp. (Van den Berg et al, 2013, 2017.…”

“…The DNA regions coding for ribosomal genetic markers (D2-D3 of 28S rRNA-, 18S-, and ITS- rRNA) have been commonly used to identify Scutellonema spp. (Chen et al , 2006 ; Subbotin et al , 2007 ; Van den Berg et al , 2013 , 2017 ; Tzortzakakis et al , 2016 ). The mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase I gene (mt COI ) (Hebert et al , 2003 ), which is commonly used for barcoding, has also been explored for a limited number of nematode species (Palomares-Rius et al , 2014 ), including Scutellonema spp.…”

First Report of Scutellonema brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrassy, 1958 and Occurrence of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 in Belgium

“…Morphologically, the Belgian population of the spiral nematode belongs to the S. brachyurus group type B according to Van Den Berg et al (2013). However, the presence of cryptic species in the S. brachyurus group have only been molecularly unequivocally defined (Van Den Berg et al, 2013;Van Den Berg et al, 2017), and therefore, molecular data are needed to confirm the group of S. brachyurus to which the Belgian population belongs. Unfortunately, multiple attempts to recover this nematode for molecular studies failed.…”