Characterisation of the pyrolysis oil derived from bael shell (aegle marmelos)

Abstract

In the present work, bael shell (aegle marmelos) is used as the feedstock for pyrolysis, using a fixed bed reactor to investigate the characteristics of the pyrolysis oil. The product yields, e.g., liquid, char and gases are produced from the biomass at different temperatures with the particle size of 0.5-1.0 mm, at the heating rate of 150˚C/min. The maximum liquid yield, i.e., 36.23 wt.%, was found at 5500˚C. Some physical properties of the pyrolysis oil such as calorific value, viscosity, density, pH, flash point and fire point are evaluated. The calorific value of the bael shell pyrolysis oil was 20.4 MJ/kg, which is slightly higher than the biomass, i.e., 18.24 MJ/kg. The H/C and O/C ratios of the bio-oil were found as 2.3 and 0.56 respectively, which are quite higher than some other bio-oils. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) analyses showed that the pyrolysis oil of bael shell is mostly composed by phenolic and acidic compounds. The results of the properties of the bael shell pyrolysis oil reveal the potential of the oil as an alternate fuel with the essential upgradation of some properties.

Removal of Patent Blue (V) Dye Using Indian Bael Shell Biochar: Characterization, Application and Kinetic Studies

“…In this study, the raw material used for the production of biochar was bael shell, which is an agro-waste and commonly available in many parts of the world. In comparison with raw bael shell, carbonized bael shell was used to produce both biochar, which was found to be rich in carbon content and bio-oil with a high calorific value of 20.4 MJ/kg [2].The spent BSB can be directly landfilled, which would act as fertilizer for the growth of plants and crops [47]. Here, the pollutant adsorbed on the BSB may be broken down to simpler components by microbial degradation, which can thus act as nutrients for the growth of plants and crops.…”

“…In contrast, the outer part is hard and considered as agro waste. Bael fruit has several medicinal uses in diseases such as piles, edema, jaundice, obesity, pediatric disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, vomiting, gynecological disorders, urinary complaints and as a rejuvenate [2]. Upon the consumption of fruit, the bael shell (BS) is discarded as a waste product.…”

Effect of Particle Size of Rice-Husk Derived Silica on the Pyrolysis of Pomelo Peels

“…Bio-oil obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass is considered a renewable fuel to replace consumable fossil fuels. However, the bio-oil are highly acidic and corrosive, resulted from oxygenated organic compounds including carboxylic acid and carbonyl compounds [11][12][13].…”