Characterising beadless air lines as reference artefacts for S-parameter measurements at RF and microwave frequencies

Eio, C.; Protheroe, S. J.; Ridler, N M

doi:10.1049/ip-smt:20060092

Cited by 24 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Achieving such tight tolerances is an area of active research and we are identifying promising techniques. For instance, the current uncertainty levels could be reduced by incorporating measurements of custom reflection standards, such as well characterized air-dielectric coaxial lines, into the VNA calibration process (Eiø et al 2006;Wübbeler et al 2009;Roberts & Martens 2014).…”

Section: Reduction Of Systematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CALIBRATION OF THE EDGES HIGH-BAND RECEIVER TO OBSERVE THE GLOBAL 21 cm SIGNATURE FROM THE EPOCH OF REIONIZATION

Monsalve

Rogers

Bowman

et al. 2017

ApJ

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The EDGES High-Band experiment aims to detect the sky-average brightness temperature of the 21 cm signal from the epoch of reionization in the redshift range   z 14.8 6.5. To probe this redshifted signal, EDGES High-Band conducts single-antenna measurements in the frequency range MHz from the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory in Western Australia. In this paper, we describe the current strategy for calibration of the EDGES High-Band receiver and report calibration results for the instrument used in the 2015-2016 observational campaign. We propagate uncertainties in the receiver calibration measurements to the antenna temperature using a Monte Carlo approach. We define a performance objective of 1 mK residual rms after modeling foreground subtraction from a fiducial temperature spectrum using a five-term polynomial. Most of the calibration uncertainties yield residuals of 1 mK or less at 95% confidence. However, current uncertainties in the antenna and receiver reflection coefficients can lead to residuals of up to 20 mK even in low-foreground sky regions. These dominant residuals could be reduced by (1) improving the accuracy in reflection measurements, especially their phase, (2) improving the impedance match at the antenna-receiver interface, and (3) decreasing the changes with frequency of the antenna reflection phase.

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Section: Reduction Of Systematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CALIBRATION OF THE EDGES HIGH-BAND RECEIVER TO OBSERVE THE GLOBAL 21 cm SIGNATURE FROM THE EPOCH OF REIONIZATION

Monsalve

Rogers

Bowman

et al. 2017

ApJ

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“…In practice, a line will never be perfectly matched. However, from experience [8], it has been found that equation ( 2) can be used satisfactorily for air lines having |S 11 | and |S 22 | less than 0.01 (linear units) at all frequencies. It has been shown in [9] that, to a first-order approximation at high frequencies, the resistivity, ρ, of a line is related to α as follows:…”

Section: Methods 1: Resistivity From S-parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the high-frequency resistivity of slightly lossy coaxial air lines

Ridler¹,

Shelton

2012

Metrologia

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Coaxial air lines are used as primary standards of characteristic impedance at microwave and millimetre-wave frequencies. A key property of these lines that needs to be known in order to define the characteristic impedance is the resistivity of the conductors of the line at these high frequencies. This paper presents a simple, reliable method for determining the high-frequency resistivity, and subsequently the characteristic impedance, of air lines. The method is based on measuring the S-parameters of the line. The method is supported by a detailed uncertainty analysis, and is also verified using a second method which uses measured values for the line's propagation constant. Throughout the paper, measurements of a typical air line are used to illustrate both methods.

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“…However, at higher frequencies these parameters can no longer accurately define these standards. Therefore, at higher frequencies the dimensional properties of the conductors are instead used to calculate the electrical characteristics of the standards [6].…”

Section: Dimensional Metrologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Traceable S-parameter measurements up to 90 GHz in 1.35 mm coaxial

Stokes

Gellersen

Allal

et al. 2023

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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As part of a joint program three National Measurement Institutes (NMIs) around Europe - the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the UK, the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Germany and the Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'essais (LNE) in France - have each established new capabilities for the traceable measurement of S-parameters up to 90 GHz in the new 1.35 mm (E Band) coaxial connector.Each institution has established their own measurement systems to access the full frequency band for the connector, utilising a variety of commercially available equipment and measurement setups. Each have also developed their own calibration techniques and verification methods using different Vector Network Analyser (VNA) calibration routines. These include optimised multi-line Through Reflect Line (TRL), multiple Offset Shorts Through (SOOT) and Short Open Load Reciprocal (SOLR) schemes. Uncertainties for each of these setups and calibration schemes were determined utilising theoretical models of the systems and calibration standards, or through verification methods, with different effects being derived from the dimensional characteristics for each of the different standards or verification artifacts. The different dimensional systems used to make these measurements were also developed and established previously as part of the same program. The last part of this exercise was a 3-way intercomparison between the laboratories. The comparison involved the measurement of a set of four traveling standards, including both 1-port and 2-port as well as plug (male) and jack (female) devices, each with different reflection and transmission characteristics to better test and demonstrate the equivalence of the capabilities.

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Characterising beadless air lines as reference artefacts for S-parameter measurements at RF and microwave frequencies

Cited by 24 publications

References 9 publications

CALIBRATION OF THE EDGES HIGH-BAND RECEIVER TO OBSERVE THE GLOBAL 21 cm SIGNATURE FROM THE EPOCH OF REIONIZATION

CALIBRATION OF THE EDGES HIGH-BAND RECEIVER TO OBSERVE THE GLOBAL 21 cm SIGNATURE FROM THE EPOCH OF REIONIZATION

Determining the high-frequency resistivity of slightly lossy coaxial air lines

Traceable S-parameter measurements up to 90 GHz in 1.35 mm coaxial

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