“…DC discharges have also been produced through two water layers separated by an air gap, whereby the water layer serves as liquid nonmetallic electrodes . Pulsed corona, spark, arc, and DC discharges can also be formed when the high voltage is placed in the gas phase above the liquid surface with the ground immersed in the liquid. ,,,− Applications of the pulsed corona discharge above the water surface with various electrode configurations (Figure C, D, E), the AC gliding arc (Figure J, K, and L), and even the injection of water droplets into the gas-phase discharge 185 have been used to treat water-phase and, less commonly, gas-phase pollutants. 1 Schematic of reactor and electrode configurations: (A) point-to-plane liquid-phase corona reactor; (B) point-to-plane with air gap liquid-phase corona reactor; (C) single point-to-plane glow discharge reactor; (D) plane-to-plane glow discharge reactor; (E) multiple point-to-plane glow discharge reactor; (F) pinhole reactor; (G) ring electrode reactor; (H) point-to-point arc reactor; (I) wire-cylinder reactor; (J) gas-phase gliding arc over water surface; (K) gliding arc with water film; and (L) gliding arc to water surface.…”
Section: Types Of Electrohydraulic Discharge and Nonthermal
Plasma Fo...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Other studies with electrode configurations with the high-voltage electrode (DC, AC, or pulsed) in the gas phase and the ground either in the water or on the water surface (see Figure C and E) include the following: those of Goheen et al with various organic dyes; Sharma et al with Methylene Blue and carbon tetrachloride; Josephson and Sharma 36 with perchloroethylene (PCE) and pentachlorophenol (PCP); Sharma et al with PCP; Hoeben et al ,− with phenol and atrazine; Tezuka and co-workers 30,42,50,239,240 with phenols, chlorophenols, benzoic acid, and aniline; Piskarev with KMnO 4 , KCN, and orange aniline dye; , and Sano with phenol, acetic acid, and Rhodamine B dye . Robinson et al , studied the generation of ozone by AC fields with parallel-plate geometry with the high-voltage electrode in the gas phase and the ground electrode in the water.…”
Section: Types Of Electrohydraulic Discharge and Nonthermal
Plasma Fo...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…181 Pulsed corona, spark, arc, and DC discharges can also be formed when the high voltage is placed in the gas phase above the liquid surface with the ground immersed in the liquid. 29,175,179,[182][183][184] Applications of the pulsed corona discharge above the water surface with various electrode configurations (Figure 1C, D, E), the AC gliding arc (Figure 1J, K, and L), and even the injection of water droplets into the gas-phase discharge 185 have been used to treat water-phase and, less commonly, gas-phase pollutants.…”
Section: Electrode Geometry and Phase Distributionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Pulsed discharges of nanosecond duration over a water surface have also been shown to generate full-spectrum UV radiation with a maximum in the range of 200-300 nm and lead to the extensive destruction of bacteria. 114 Piskarev and co-workers [182][183][184] have shown for corona, spark, and arc discharges with high-voltage electrodes over the water surface and ground electrodes in the water that ozone is formed in the gas and hydrogen peroxide is formed in the liquid. Recently, it has been shown that placing the high-voltage electrode (for pulsed corona) in the aqueous phase and the ground in the gas phase leads to the simultaneous formation of larger quantities of hydrogen peroxide in the liquid phase and ozone in the gas phase (see Figure 1B).…”
Section: Electrode Geometry and Phase Distributionmentioning
The application of strong electric fields in water and organic liquids has been studied for several years, because
of its importance in electrical transmission processes and its practical applications in biology, chemistry, and
electrochemistry. More recently, liquid-phase electrical discharge reactors have been investigated, and are
being developed, for many environmental applications, including drinking water and wastewater treatment,
as well as, potentially, for environmentally benign chemical processes. This paper reviews the current status
of research on the application of high-voltage electrical discharges for promoting chemical reactions in the
aqueous phase, with particular emphasis on applications to water cleaning.
“…DC discharges have also been produced through two water layers separated by an air gap, whereby the water layer serves as liquid nonmetallic electrodes . Pulsed corona, spark, arc, and DC discharges can also be formed when the high voltage is placed in the gas phase above the liquid surface with the ground immersed in the liquid. ,,,− Applications of the pulsed corona discharge above the water surface with various electrode configurations (Figure C, D, E), the AC gliding arc (Figure J, K, and L), and even the injection of water droplets into the gas-phase discharge 185 have been used to treat water-phase and, less commonly, gas-phase pollutants. 1 Schematic of reactor and electrode configurations: (A) point-to-plane liquid-phase corona reactor; (B) point-to-plane with air gap liquid-phase corona reactor; (C) single point-to-plane glow discharge reactor; (D) plane-to-plane glow discharge reactor; (E) multiple point-to-plane glow discharge reactor; (F) pinhole reactor; (G) ring electrode reactor; (H) point-to-point arc reactor; (I) wire-cylinder reactor; (J) gas-phase gliding arc over water surface; (K) gliding arc with water film; and (L) gliding arc to water surface.…”
Section: Types Of Electrohydraulic Discharge and Nonthermal
Plasma Fo...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Other studies with electrode configurations with the high-voltage electrode (DC, AC, or pulsed) in the gas phase and the ground either in the water or on the water surface (see Figure C and E) include the following: those of Goheen et al with various organic dyes; Sharma et al with Methylene Blue and carbon tetrachloride; Josephson and Sharma 36 with perchloroethylene (PCE) and pentachlorophenol (PCP); Sharma et al with PCP; Hoeben et al ,− with phenol and atrazine; Tezuka and co-workers 30,42,50,239,240 with phenols, chlorophenols, benzoic acid, and aniline; Piskarev with KMnO 4 , KCN, and orange aniline dye; , and Sano with phenol, acetic acid, and Rhodamine B dye . Robinson et al , studied the generation of ozone by AC fields with parallel-plate geometry with the high-voltage electrode in the gas phase and the ground electrode in the water.…”
Section: Types Of Electrohydraulic Discharge and Nonthermal
Plasma Fo...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…181 Pulsed corona, spark, arc, and DC discharges can also be formed when the high voltage is placed in the gas phase above the liquid surface with the ground immersed in the liquid. 29,175,179,[182][183][184] Applications of the pulsed corona discharge above the water surface with various electrode configurations (Figure 1C, D, E), the AC gliding arc (Figure 1J, K, and L), and even the injection of water droplets into the gas-phase discharge 185 have been used to treat water-phase and, less commonly, gas-phase pollutants.…”
Section: Electrode Geometry and Phase Distributionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Pulsed discharges of nanosecond duration over a water surface have also been shown to generate full-spectrum UV radiation with a maximum in the range of 200-300 nm and lead to the extensive destruction of bacteria. 114 Piskarev and co-workers [182][183][184] have shown for corona, spark, and arc discharges with high-voltage electrodes over the water surface and ground electrodes in the water that ozone is formed in the gas and hydrogen peroxide is formed in the liquid. Recently, it has been shown that placing the high-voltage electrode (for pulsed corona) in the aqueous phase and the ground in the gas phase leads to the simultaneous formation of larger quantities of hydrogen peroxide in the liquid phase and ozone in the gas phase (see Figure 1B).…”
Section: Electrode Geometry and Phase Distributionmentioning
The application of strong electric fields in water and organic liquids has been studied for several years, because
of its importance in electrical transmission processes and its practical applications in biology, chemistry, and
electrochemistry. More recently, liquid-phase electrical discharge reactors have been investigated, and are
being developed, for many environmental applications, including drinking water and wastewater treatment,
as well as, potentially, for environmentally benign chemical processes. This paper reviews the current status
of research on the application of high-voltage electrical discharges for promoting chemical reactions in the
aqueous phase, with particular emphasis on applications to water cleaning.
“…The discharge was operated at various power levels in 50 mL of deionized water (starting pH = 6.9 ± 0.1, conductivity = Hydrogen peroxide production in various plasma sources [26]. Steam, this paper; Air [50][51][52]; Argon [52,53]; Arc in solution [54][55][56][57]; Electrolysis [58]; Helium [52]; Oxygen [52,59]; Carbon dioxide [60]. 8 ± 1 μS cm −1 ).…”
An underwater steam plasma discharge, in which water itself is the ionizing media, is investigated as a means to introduce advanced oxidation species into contaminated water for the purpose of water purification. The steam discharge avoids the acidification observed with air discharges and also avoids the need for a feed gas, simplifying the system. Steam discharge operation did not result in a pH changes in the processing of water or simulated wastewater, with the actual pH remaining roughly constant during processing. Simulated wastewater has been shown to continue to decompose significantly after steam treatment, suggesting the presence of long-lived plasma produced radicals. During steam discharge operation, nitrate production is limited, and nitrite production was found to be below the detection threshold of (roughly 0.2 mg L −1 ). The discharge was operated over a broad range of deposited power levels, ranging from approximately 30 W to 300 W. Hydrogen peroxide production was found to scale with increasing power. Additionally, the hydrogen peroxide production efficiency of the discharge was found to be higher than many of the rates reported in the literature to date.
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