Characteristic neurocognitive profile associated with adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

McLean, Andrew N.; Dowson, J. H.; Toone, Brian; Young, Susan; Bazanis, E.; Robbins, Trevor W.; Sahakian, Barbara J.

doi:10.1017/s0033291703001296

Cited by 125 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Similar to previous set-shifting studies in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans (Dias et al, 1996a,b;Birrell andBrown, 2000, Fox et al, 2003;McLean et al, 2004;Pantelis et al, 2004;Chudasama and Robbins, 2006;Jazbec et al, 2007), impairments during EDS for subjects with lesions of prefrontal cortex or parietal cortices, or brain degenerative diseases (e.g., schizophrenia), are unable to switch attention to a previously irrelevant dimension. Attention to the original relevant dimension remains strong in these subjects, and they are more vulnerable to perseveration to the stimuli of the previously relevant dimension, which becomes irrelevant when solving the EDS problem.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Double Dissociation of Attentional Resources: Prefrontal Versus Cingulate Cortices

Ng¹,

Noblejas²,

Rodefer³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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Efficient attention to our environment facilitates the decisions that need to be executed in daily life. Filtering critical from noncritical information may require the neural organization of multiple brain regions. Combining lesion techniques and the rodent version of the Wisconsin card sorting task in humans, we show at least two types of attentional processing systems reside in the cingulate and prefrontal cortices depending on task demands requiring shifts of attention within or between sets of meaningful cues, respectively. This neural organization for shifting attention either within or between perceptual dimensions is task dependent, and this type of organization provides evidence of attentional systems that transcend separate modality processing systems while subdividing executive control of attention. The results suggest that the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices are critical when shifting attention to closely related meaningful cues (i.e., within a perceptual dimension or attentional set) by suppressing interference of irrelevant background information, whereas the prefrontal cortex is critical when shifting attention between disparate sets of meaningful cues (i.e., between perceptual dimensions or attentional sets) (Dias et al., 1996a,b; Birrell and Brown, 2000). Based on the theories of Mackintosh (1965Mackintosh ( , 1975; Sutherland and Mackintosh 1971), it is suggested that the cingulate cortex may be important for decreasing attention to irrelevant information. In general, attention deficit disorders affect both children and adults, and current medications may affect the prefrontal and associated parietal cortical systems more or less than the cingulate cortical system.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Double Dissociation of Attentional Resources: Prefrontal Versus Cingulate Cortices

Ng¹,

Noblejas²,

Rodefer³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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“…However, response inhibition is not the only executive process atypical in children with ADHD. Other domains, including working memory, set shifting, set maintenance, and planning have also been repeatedly identified as being atypical in the disorder (Barnett et al 2001;Clark et al 2000;Karatekin and Asarnow 1998;McLean et al 2004;Nigg et al 1998;Pennington and Ozonoff 1996). Importantly, as noted above, it is becoming clear that many of the brain regions and circuits related to the typical development of executive functioning are atypical in children with ADHD (see Sect.…”

Section: Executive (Top-down) Theoriesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Nigg

2010

Curr Dir Psychol Sci

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Over the last two decades, there have been numerous technical and methodological advances available to clinicians and researchers to better understand attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its etiology. Despite the growing body of literature investigating the disorder's pathophysiology, ADHD remains a complex psychiatric disorder to characterize. This chapter will briefly review the literature on ADHD, with a focus on its history, the current genetic insights, neurophysiologic theories, and the use of neuroimaging to further understand the etiology. We address some of the major concerns that remain unclear about ADHD, including subtype instability, heterogeneity, and the underlying neural correlates that define the disorder. We highlight that the field of ADHD is rapidly evolving; the descriptions provided here will hopefully provide a sturdy foundation for which to build and improve our understanding of the disorder.

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“…Neuropsychological analyses have shown that patients with ADHD are impaired on the same tasks as those with prefrontal lesions, for example, tasks of behavioral inhibition, reward reversal, and working memory (Itami and Uno, 2002;Bedard et al, 2003;McLean et al, 2004). Although some neuropsychological studies disagree with the importance of executive function deficits in ADHD, these studies are often flawed by the use of inappropriate tasks for evaluating children (eg the Stroop color-naming interference task, which assumes that reading is a prepotent response that must be inhibited, an assumption often invalid in children; van Mourik et al, 2005), disagreement on which processes constitute executive functions (eg not including attention regulation parameters as executive functions; Schoechlin and Engel, 2005), or by the use of tasks with ceiling effects for this patient population.…”

Section: Prefrontal Cortical Dysfunction In Adhdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulants: Therapeutic Actions in ADHD

Arnsten

2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

418

257

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Stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine are currently the most common treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For years, it was assumed that stimulants had paradoxical calming effects in ADHD patients, whereas stimulating 'normal' individuals and producing locomotor activation in rats. It is now known that low doses of stimulants focus attention and improve executive function in both normal and ADHD subjects. Furthermore, the seminal work of Kuczenski and Segal showed that low, oral doses of methylphenidate reduce locomotor activity in rats as well. Berridge et al have now shown that these low doses produce marked increases in norepinephrine and dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex, whereas having only subtle effects on subcortical catecholamine release. ihe prefrontal cortex regulates behavior and attention using representational knowledge, and imaging and neuropsychological studies have shown that the prefrontal cortex is weaker in subjects with ADHD. This cortical area is very sensitive to levels of catecholamines: moderate levels engage postsynaptic a2A-adrenoceptors and D1 receptors and improve prefrontal regulation of behavior and attention, while high levels impair prefrontal function via a1-adrenoceptors and excessive D1 receptor stimulation. Administering low doses of methylphenidate to rats improves the working memory and attentional functions of the prefrontal cortex, while high doses impair working memory and produce a perseverative pattern of errors similar to that seen in patients. The low dose improvement is hiocked by either an a2-adrenoceptor or Dl receptor antagonist, suggesting that both norepinephrine and dopamine contribute to the beneficial actions of stimulant medications.

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Characteristic neurocognitive profile associated with adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Cited by 125 publications

References 76 publications

Double Dissociation of Attentional Resources: Prefrontal Versus Cingulate Cortices

Double Dissociation of Attentional Resources: Prefrontal Versus Cingulate Cortices

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Stimulants: Therapeutic Actions in ADHD

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