“…Recently, due to the characteristics of low cost, high abundance, and environmental benignity, ZVI is being developed to be a compelling solution to tackle environmental pollution problems, including advanced oxidation of organic pollutants, nutrient removal, heavy metal control, groundwater, and soil remediation. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] In general, ZVI possesses a typical core-shell structure, including an iron core serving as an electron reservoir toward heavy metal reduction, and an iron oxide shell containing ample active complexation sites for heavy metal ions. 10 However, the heavy metal removal efficiency is unsatisfactory due to the ineffective electron transport from the iron core to the iron oxide shell.…”