Characteristics and Development of Nonsuicidal Super Self-Injury Among Borderline Inpatients

Abstract

SUMMARY Background: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a key feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD),

Characteristics and predictive factors of non-suicidal self-injury in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders

“…Traumatic experiences have been shown to be closely related to dissociative experiences and suicide in SSD ( 62), yet we have limited information about the relationship between dissociation and NSSI (65). Studies have highlighted the function of NSSI as a way to halt dissociative experiences (4,19,28,31) and to provide affective regulation (15) in patients with a dissociative disorder (66) or dissociative symptoms (67). Although dissociative symptoms were significantly higher in the group with NSSI than in the group without NSSI, they were not among the factors that predicted NSSI.…”

“…Studies of the general population have revealed that approximately 4% to 6% of adults self-injure at some point in their lives (2,10,11). The prevalence of NSSI has been reported to be higher in the clinical population (2,4,8).…”

“…It should be noted that NSSI is different from a suicide attempt (16), even if it has been considered in the same behavioral spectrum with a suicide attempt (11,12) and accepted as a predisposing factor for suicidal ideation and attempt (12). NSSI demonstrates a maladaptive coping mechanism to regulate negative emotions (12), and to endure life (4,12,19), whereas suicide attempt reflects the desire to end one's life (12).…”

“…The self-injurious behavior provides relief (14). Apart from the affective regulation function of NSSI (28,29,31), which is most common, it has also been reported that it can serve as a means to manage a traumatic experience (32), halt dissociative experiences (4,19,28,31), inflict self-punishment (4,19,28,29,31), create a boundary between the individual and their environment (29), or increase their sense of autonomy and control (4,28,30).…”

The So‐Called Borderline Patient: Aetiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

“…In reviewing theories regarding the origins of borderline psychopathology we find hypotheses related to constitution and genetic dispositions (Distel, Hottenga, Trull, & Boomama, 2008; Joyce, Stephenson, Kennedy, Mulder, & McHugh, 2014; Kernberg, 1975; Stone, 2014; Tomko et al , 2015), psychodynamic issues related to failures in parenting during the rapprochement crisis (Mahler, Pine & Bergman, 1975; Masterson, 1976, 2004; Rinsley, 1980), and instances of early childhood trauma (Ball, 2009; Duque‐Alcaron, Alcala‐Lozano, Gonzalez‐Olvera, Garza‐Villareal, & Pellicer, 2019; Merza, Papp & Szabo, 2017; Newman & O’Shaughnessy, 2015; Van Der Kolk, 1987; Widom, Czaja, & Paris, 2009; Wolke, Schreier, Zanarini, & Winsper, 2012; Zanarina, Dubo, Lewis, & Williams, 1997). Rather than viewing these as competing theories, we are inclined to believe each of these antecedents (and perhaps others) do in fact predispose the individual to some form of psychopathology that symptomatically presents as borderline psychopathology.…”