Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Inclusions in 304L Stainless Steel during the VOD Refining Process

Chen, Xingrun; Cheng, Guoguang; Li, Jingyu; Hou, Yuyang; Pan, Jixiang; Ruan, Qiang

doi:10.3390/met8121024

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The review papers focus on the state of the art and perspectives in repairing and reinforcing historic timber structures by stainless steels [1], on duplex and super-duplex stainless steel microstructures and the evolution of their properties by surface modification processes [2], on the process and properties of reversion-heated austenitic stainless steels [3] and on the 3D printing of stainless steels by the laser powder bed fusion technique [4]. A group of research papers deal with physical metallurgy and advancedcharacterization techniques [5], others with process aspects [6][7][8] or property application items related to stainless steels [9][10][11][12][13][14]. The paper by Fava et al [5] presents and discusses the results of mechanical spectroscopy tests carried out on Cr martensitic steel.…”

Section: Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After that, the characteristics of the inclusions, such as morphology, size, number, and composition, are investigated by using a scanning electron microscope in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Chen et al [7] report the formation and characteristics of non-metallic inclusions in 304L stainless steel during the vacuum oxygen decarburization refining process, using industrial experiments and thermodynamic calculations. The compositional characteristics indicated that two types of inclusions with different sizes (from 1 to 30 µm) existed in 304L stainless steel during the refining process, i.e., CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO external inclusions, and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO endogenous inclusions.…”

Section: Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manufacturing and Applications of Stainless Steels

Schino

2020

Metals

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Section: Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacturing and Applications of Stainless Steels

Schino

2020

Metals

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“…The results show that the inclusion mainly includes Mg, Al, and O. The inclusions in the stainless steel were brought into the production process and the deoxidation process through mixing [31]. Al, as a strong oxidation metal, is the common deoxidant used in the production process of steel [32].…”

Section: Surface Characteristic Depended On the Acidification Durationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Pickling Treatment Parameters on the Surface State and Pre-Passivation Behavior of Super 13Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel

et al. 2022

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As a pre-treatment process in the pre-passivation of stainless steel, pickling treatment has a significant effect on the formation of the pre-passivation film. Thus, the surface composition and defects of Super 13Cr martensitic stainless steel (Super 13Cr) were evaluated under different pickling parameters to further improve the corrosion resistance of the pre-passivation film. The samples were prepared using the acid immersion method and by changing the immersion duration and the acid concentration. The inclusion and chemical composition on the Super 13Cr surface were characterized via a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The pickling treatment contributes little to the morphology, dimension, and other characteristic parameters of the inclusions. With the increasing duration and acidification concentration, the Cr content on the surface of Super 13Cr increases initially and then decreases. By contrast, the Fe content decreases initially and then increases. The pickling parameters corresponding to the lowest Fe content and the highest Cr content are identical, i.e., the exposure duration is 50 s and the acid concentration is 48 g/L. The pickling treatment in this case could be divided into two stages: outer film dissolution and inner film dissolution. The pickling parameters basically contribute little to the defects of martensitic stainless steel but can significantly affect the surface Cr and Fe content. Retaining the Cr-enriched inner layer could improve the content of Cr in the pre-passivation film and then improve the corrosion resistance of the film. Thus, compared with the original sample with native film, the corrosion resistance of the sample with a Cr-enriched inner layer improved by a factor of about 40.

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“…Chen et al analyzed the process of inclusion collision and growth removal, and considered the influence of gas bubbles in the formation model. However, the influence factors of inclusions adsorbing RH refractory material walls were neglected [13]. e model also did not meet the overall mass conservation of inclusions, and did not consider the distribution of inclusions in RH flow field [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%