Characteristics and major sources of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 in Emilia Romagna Region (Northern Italy) from four-year observations

Pietrogrande, Maria Chiara; Bacco, Dimitri; Ferrari, Silvia; Ricciardelli, Isabella; Scotto, Fabiana; Trentini, Arianna; Visentin, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.074

Cited by 36 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Considering that the OP DTT values showed the higher spatial and temporal variations, compared to OP AA , and that DDT assay is mostly sensitive to organic species, we can infer that the observed behavior for PM2.5 OP is mainly associated with the contribution of secondary organics, especially highly oxidized organics traced by SOC concentration. In fact, significantly higher SOC concentrations have been found at Bologna compared to Lecce, mainly in the cold season, both as concentration values (on average, ≈ 3 vs. 1.5 μg m −3 ) and relative contribution to PM2.5 mass (~50% vs. 15%) [24,52]. The high contribution of secondary pollutants in the Po Plain has been motivated by the large impact of anthropogenic emissions, mainly wood combustion for domestic heating during winter, combined with the stable atmospheric conditions (Hmix ≈ 300 m), that promote pollutant accumulation in the atmosphere and therefore favor the photochemical aging of organic aerosol.…”

Section: Op Responses Of Pm 10 Particlesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…They include elemental, EC, organic, OC, and water soluble organic carbon, WSOC. OC may be discriminated between primary (POC) and secondary organic species (SOC), based on the quantification of individual compounds, as tracers of specific sources, i.e., sugars, levoglucosan-widely used tracer of biomass burning [22,31,37,43]; n-alkane and PAHs-tracers of tail pipe traffic emissions [20]; carboxylic acids and quinones-markers of photochemical formation of SOA [45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]…”

Section: Association Of Oxidative Potential With Pm Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of PM Oxidative Potential Measured with Acellular Assays in Urban and Rural Sites across Italy

2019

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This work is an overview of the oxidative potential (OP) values up to date measured in Italy, with the aim to provide a picture of the spatial and seasonal variability of OP in the various geographical areas across Italy. The summarized works used the common acellular assays-based dithiothreitol (OP DTT ), ascorbic acid (OP AA ), glutathione (OP GSH ), and 2 ,7 -dichlorodfluorescein (OP DCFH ) assays. The paper describes the association of OP responses with PM chemical composition, the sensitivity of various acellular OP assays to PM components and emission sources, and PM size distribution of the measured OP values. Our synthesis indicates that crustal and transition metals (e.g., Fe, Ni, Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn, and V), secondary ions and carbonaceous components (elemental carbon, EC, organic carbon, OC and water soluble carbon, WSOC) show significant correlations with OP across different urban and rural areas and size ranges. These chemical species are mainly associated with various PM sources, including residual/fuel oil combustion, traffic emissions, and secondary organic aerosol formation. Although the OP assays are sensitive to the same redox-active species, they differ in the association with PM chemical components. The DDT assay is mainly sensitive to the organic compounds that are mostly accumulated in the fine PM fraction, i.e., tracers of burning sources, and redox active organics associated with other markers of photochemical aging. In contrast, OP AA and OP GSH were mostly responsive to metals, mainly those related to non-exhaust traffic emissions (Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Ni, Mn, Sn, Cd, Pb), that are mainly accumulated in the coarse PM. Among the investigated sites, our synthesis shows larger OP values in Trentino region and the Po Valley, that may be explained by the high density of anthropogenic sources, and the orographic and meteorological characteristics, that favor the pollutants accumulation and aerosol photo-oxidative aging. ). The acellular version of the 2 ,7 -dichlorodfluorescein (DCFH) assay uses the enzymatic production of the fluorescent probe largely used for the evaluation of oxidative stress in living cells.The present work summarizes the PM oxidative properties up to date measured in Italy using OP acellular assays, with the aim of giving a general insight of PM OP across the Italian territory, that has not been reported yet, in spite of the increasing number of OP measurements carried out in Europe [6,[19][20][21][22]. In addition, the study reviews the association described in previous studies between OP from different assays with several inorganic ad organic components, that effect PM oxidative properties, i.e., metals, ions, and carbonaceous components. The aim is to give a picture of the spatial and seasonal variability of different contributions to OP in the various geographical areas across Italy. The relevance of such an investigation is based on the large variability in the chemical composition of different PM size fractions in various locations across Italy, as a consequence of the stron...

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Section: Op Responses Of Pm 10 Particlesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Association Of Oxidative Potential With Pm Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of PM Oxidative Potential Measured with Acellular Assays in Urban and Rural Sites across Italy

2019

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In spring, along with the solar radiation and atmospheric oxidation enhancement, the concentration of O 3 was higher than in the other seasons, which may lead to the oxidation of nitrogen or sulfur. 41,42 Even though the concentrations of SO 2 and NO 2 on that day are relatively low, they could still make a great contribution to particulate mat- Table 4, which may correspond to substances in soil, cement, or lime. 23,25,44 Beijing has frequent sandstorms in spring, during which the sand and dust from the north contribute greatly to the PM 2.5 in the spring in Beijing.…”

Section: Pca Of Aerosol Particle From Four Seasonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ToF‐SIMS analysis of chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols in Beijing

Jia

Che

et al. 2019

Surface & Interface Analysis

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Atmospheric aerosols collected from each season in urban Beijing have been studied using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). The chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol particles during various atmospheric pollution levels was analyzed and distinguished by principal component analysis (PCA). The differences and sources of the components of the aerosol particles were explored. The results showed that the fine particulate matter from heavily polluted days mainly consists of inorganic salts and organic compounds, such as hydrocarbons, nitrogen‐ or sulfur‐containing hydrocarbons, and their oxides. Samples collected from clean days in the four seasons were also analyzed. Only the samples collected in spring showed a significant difference from the other three seasons. We concluded that the main source of pollution in the Beijing urban area was fossil fuel combustion from motor vehicles.

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“…Three aqueous standard solutions were prepared with known concentrations of six sugars at three concentration levels (low, medium, high) covering the air concentration values typically found in Italy (Bernardoni et al 2011;Bigi et al 2012;Khana et al 2016;Lonati et al 2007;Piazzalunga et al 2012;Pietrogrande et al 2016) (Supplementary Information, Table S2). Based on the levoglucosan concentration, different levels of the other sugars were computed as a relative ratio: 0.12 for mannosan and 0.06 for arabitol, mannitol, galactosan, and glucose.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Results of an interlaboratory comparison of analytical methods for quantification of anhydrosugars and biosugars in atmospheric aerosol

et al. 2017

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An interlaboratory comparison was performed to evaluate the analytical methods for quantification of anhydrosugars - levoglucosan, mannosan, galactosan - and biosugars - arabitol, glucose and mannitol - in atmospheric aerosol. The performance of 10 laboratories in Italy currently involved in such analyses was investigated on twenty-six PM (particulate matter) ambient filters, three synthetic PM filters and three aqueous standard solutions. An acceptable interlaboratory variability was found, determined as the mean relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the results from the participating laboratories, with the mean RSD% values ranging from 25% to 46% and decreasing with increasing sugar concentration. The investigated methods show good accuracy, evaluated as the percentage error (ε%) related to mean values, since method biases ranged within ±20% for most of the analytes measured in the different laboratories. The detailed investigation (ANOVA analysis at p < 0.05) of the contribution of each laboratory to the total variability and the measurement accuracy shows that comparable results are generated by the different methods, despite the great diversity in terms of extraction conditions, chromatographic separation - more recent LC (liquid chromatography) and EC (exchange chromatography) methods compared to more widespread GC (gas chromatography) - and detection systems, namely PAD (pulsed amperometric detection) or mass spectrometry.

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Characteristics and major sources of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 in Emilia Romagna Region (Northern Italy) from four-year observations

Cited by 36 publications

References 79 publications

Review of PM Oxidative Potential Measured with Acellular Assays in Urban and Rural Sites across Italy

Review of PM Oxidative Potential Measured with Acellular Assays in Urban and Rural Sites across Italy

ToF‐SIMS analysis of chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols in Beijing

Results of an interlaboratory comparison of analytical methods for quantification of anhydrosugars and biosugars in atmospheric aerosol

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