Characteristics and potential sources of atmospheric mercury at a subtropical near‐coastal site in East China

Bao, Yu; Wang, Xun; Lin, Che‐Jen; Fu, Xuewu; Zhang, Hui; Shang, Lihai; Feng, Xinbin

doi:10.1002/2015jd023425

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (Figure 4), consistent with the 2-25 pg/m 3 GOM observed in these regions (Chand et al, 2008;Fu, Zhang, Yu, et al, 2015;Yu et al, 2015). The simulated PBM concentration is 5-10 times higher than the GOM concentration (Figures 3 and 4).…”

Section: 1029/2018jd028350supporting

confidence: 80%

Assessment of Regional Mercury Deposition and Emission Outflow in Mainland China

et al. 2018

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Mainland China is the largest emission region of anthropogenic mercury (Hg) in the world. There have been concerns regarding the emission outflow and chemical transport budget of Hg in the region. Earlier assessments of Hg chemical transport were based on relatively outdated emission data. Recent estimates for anthropogenic (Wu et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04308) and natural Hg emissions (X. Wang, Lin, et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11125-2016) show substantial differences from earlier emission inventories. In this study, we applied the updated Hg emission estimates to reassess the regional transport budget using Community Multiscale Air Quality‐Hg v5.1. Our results show that the variation of simulated concentration, deposition, and associated emission outflow of Hg are primarily influenced by the spatial‐temporal variation of Hg emissions, monsoon shifts, and particulate matter pollution in China. Total Hg deposition in Mainland China is estimated to be 422 Mg/year, and approximately two thirds of the deposition is contributed by domestic emissions. The net Hg transport budget from Mainland China is 511 Mg/year, contributing to 10% of Hg deposition in other regions of the world. This reassessment points to a ~25% reduction in total annual outflow compared to the previous estimate by Lin et al. (2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1853-2010). Such reduction is mainly caused by changes in Hg emission quantity, speciation, and spatial/temporal distributions. More modeling studies focusing on reducing uncertainties of emission inventories and Hg atmospheric chemistry are needed for continuous assessment of Hg emission outflow in this emission‐intensive region.

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Section: 1029/2018jd028350supporting

confidence: 80%

Assessment of Regional Mercury Deposition and Emission Outflow in Mainland China

et al. 2018

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“…The predominant wind direction during the wet season is from the east and the site mainly receives clean marine air masses. During the dry season, the predominant wind direction changes to from the northwest, which enhances the transport of air pollutants from northern and eastern China to the sampling site (Yu et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simian, Ma et al, 2016) were all located in mountaintop forests. Although the observations at some of these sites showed elevated PBM concentrations (mean: 31-154 pg m −3 ) (Fu et al, 2015b;Yu et al, 2015), washout of PBM below cloud was not expected to contribute significantly to Hg in precipitation because of low cloud base heights (Ray et al, 2006). In addition, observations of GOM at high-altitude sites in China (i.e., MWLG, MAL, and Shangri-La) showed mean concentrations of 2-8 pg m −3 (Fu et al, 2012a, b;, significantly lower than those (20-87 pg m −3 ) measured at highaltitude sites in North America and Europe (Swartzendruber et al, 2006;Fain et al, 2009;Weiss-Penzias et al, 2009;Fu et al, 2016).…”

Section: Comparison With Observations In Other Regions Worldwidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to litterfall and wet deposition, dry deposition of PBM and GOM to the forest floor and other surfaces could also contribute to the total Hg deposition to a forest. Given the measured atmospheric PBM and GOM concentrations (Fu et al, 2015b;Yu et al, 2015), the dry deposition fluxes of PBM and GOM at the MCB, MDM, and MAL sites were estimated to be 3.0, 9.6, and 2.3 µg m −2 yr −1 , respectively, using the average dry deposition velocities of PBM and GOM over forests modeled by L. . At the MLG site, annual dry deposition flux of PBM and GOM was estimated to be 4.4 µg m −2 yr −1 using the comparison of precipitation and throughfall data collected side by side (St. Louis et al, 2001;Fu et al, 2010a;.…”

Section: Relative Contribution Of Wet and Litterfall Deposition To Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atmospheric wet and litterfall mercury deposition at urban and rural sites in China

Yang

Lang

et al. 2016

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Mercury (Hg) concentrations and deposition fluxes in precipitation and litterfall were measured at multiple sites (six rural sites and an urban site) across a broad geographic area in China. The annual deposition fluxes of Hg in precipitation at rural sites and an urban site were 2.0 to 7.2 and 12.6 ± 6.5 µg m −2 yr −1 , respectively. Wet deposition fluxes of Hg at rural sites showed a clear regional difference with elevated deposition fluxes in the subtropical zone, followed by the temporal zone and arid/semi-arid zone. Precipitation depth is the primary influencing factor causing the variation of wet deposition. Hg fluxes through litterfall ranged from 22.8 to 62.8 µg m −2 yr −1 , higher than the wet deposition fluxes by a factor of 3.9 to 8.7 and representing approximately 75 % of the total Hg deposition at the forest sites in China. This suggests that uptake of atmospheric Hg by foliage is the dominant pathway to remove atmospheric Hg in forest ecosystems in China. Wet deposition fluxes of Hg at rural sites of China were generally lower compared to those in North America and Europe, possibly due to a combination of lower precipitation depth, lower GOM concentrations in the troposphere and the generally lower cloud base heights at most sites that wash out a smaller amount of GOM and PBM during precipitation events.

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“…During the non-ISM period (from October to April), the dry and cold air masses from Siberia and central Asia move through mainland China into the Pacific Ocean via the westerlies (Hsu, 2005;Fan et al, 2013;Yu et al, 2015). The monsoonal wind changes play an important role in the transport of regional Hg emissions in southeast and east Asia (Sheu et al, 2010;Tseng et al, 2012;Lee et al, 2016).…”

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Monsoon-facilitated characteristics and transport of atmospheric mercury at a high-altitude background site in southwestern China

Hui

Lin

et al. 2016

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. To better understand the influence of monsoonal climate and transport of atmospheric mercury (Hg) in southwestern China, measurements of total gaseous mercury (TGM, defined as the sum of gaseous elemental mercury, GEM, and gaseous oxidized mercury, GOM), particulate bound mercury (PBM) and GOM were carried out at Ailaoshan Station (ALS, 2450 m a.s.l.) in southwestern China from May 2011 to May 2012. The mean concentrations (± SD) for TGM, GOM and PBM were 2.09 ± 0.63, 2.2 ± 2.3 and 31.3 ± 28.4 pg m −3 , respectively. TGM showed a monsoonal distribution pattern with relatively higher concentrations (2.22 ± 0.58 ng m −3 , p = 0.021) during the Indian summer monsoon (ISM, from May to September) and the east Asia summer monsoon (EASM, from May to September) periods than that (1.99 ± 0.66 ng m −3 ) in the non-ISM period. Similarly, GOM and PBM concentrations were higher during the ISM period than during the non-ISM period. This study suggests that the ISM and the EASM have a strong impact on longrange and transboundary transport of Hg between southwestern China and south and southeast Asia. Several high TGM events were accompanied by the occurrence of northern wind during the ISM period, indicating anthropogenic Hg emissions from inland China could rapidly increase TGM levels at ALS due to strengthening of the EASM. Most of the TGM and PBM events occurred at ALS during the non-ISM period. Meanwhile, high CO concentrations were also observed at ALS, indicating that a strong south tributary of westerlies could have transported Hg from south and southeast Asia to southwestern China during the non-ISM period. The biomass burning in southeast Asia and anthropogenic Hg emissions from south Asia are thought to be the source of atmospheric Hg in remote areas of southwestern China during the non-ISM period.

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Characteristics and potential sources of atmospheric mercury at a subtropical near‐coastal site in East China

Cited by 30 publications

References 55 publications

Assessment of Regional Mercury Deposition and Emission Outflow in Mainland China

Assessment of Regional Mercury Deposition and Emission Outflow in Mainland China

Atmospheric wet and litterfall mercury deposition at urban and rural sites in China

Monsoon-facilitated characteristics and transport of atmospheric mercury at a high-altitude background site in southwestern China

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