Characteristics and properties of Bitlis ignimbrites and their environmental implications

Abstract

Bitlis rock is used as a construction material and comes from the lava emitted by volcanoes and their subsequent transformation into ignimbrites. This type of rocks has been characterized physically, chemi­cally, toxicologically and radioactively using different procedures including determination of the coefficient of thermal conductivity, gamma spectrometry, ultrasonic speed test, ICP masses and metal extraction. The results indicate that Bitlis rocks have an ACI greater than 1, although their content of radon is lower than other rocks of volcanic origin. Leaching of metals from these rocks indicates that Pb and Cd can provide an infiltration level in the field higher than the level permitted by TCLP and they have undesired toxicological risks. The percent­ages of extraction of other metals also point to this infiltration problem. Despite this, the material offers good qualities for usage as a building material such as its thermal coefficients.

Properties of the Ignimbrites in the Architecture of the Historical Center of Arequipa, Peru

“…The breakage of the prismatic specimens of Be ignimbrite in the flexural test is inclined at approximately 30 • , conditioned by the presence of glassy grains and large vacuoles, and its strength was slightly higher than the Wt ignimbrite. Results of 1.5 MPa to 2MPa for Wt and Be ignimbrites were higher than those obtained for the Bitlis ignimbrite [24] and volcanic tuffs [25].…”

“…The breakage of the prismatic specimens of Be ignimbrite in the flexural test is inclined at approximately 30°, conditioned by the presence of glassy grains and large vacuoles, and its strength was slightly higher than the Wt ignimbrite. Results of 1.5 MPa to 2MPa for Wt and Be ignimbrites were higher than those obtained for the Bitlis ignimbrite [24] and volcanic tuffs [25]. The water absorption by capillary rise (C), after 30 min of testing revealed that the Pk variety reached nearly the same saturation as in free immersion after 1 h, with values of capillary absorption around 15%.…”

“…To this, we must also add the degassing process, which is local and depends on the overlying pyroclastic sediment column; accordingly, beige ignimbrites are characterized by containing more vacuoles. Associated with diagenetic processes, post-sedimentary sheet weathering supports the cationic leaching of unstable phases and directional hardening due to chemical cementation and modifies the porous network, resistance and durability [24,33].…”

Properties of the Ignimbrites in the Architecture of the Historical Center of Arequipa, Peru

“…The breakage of the prismatic specimens of Be ignimbrite in the flexural test is inclined approximately 30º, conditioned by the presence of glassy grains and large vacuoles, and its strength was slightly higher than the Wt ignimbrite. Results of 1.5MPa to 2MPa for Wt and Be ignimbrites were higher to those obtained for the Bitlis ignimbrite [23] and volcanic tuffs [24]. In the uniaxial compressive strength tests the lowest values were found for the Be ignimbrites and the higher for Pk ignimbrites (Table 3).…”

Structural Analysis of Five Historical Minarets in Bitlis (Turkey)

“…Modulus of elasticity (E), Poisson ratio, and the weight per unit volume (γ) values for Bitlis stone was taken as a single value for all minarets. While determining these values, the unit volume and the specific weight values were taken directly from the study by Işık et al (2020) [50]. For the other two properties, the results were obtained by using the nondestructive test method.…”