Characteristics and Socio-Demographic Distribution of Precarious Employment Among Korean Wage Workers: A Proposition of Multidimensional Approach Using a Summative Score

Interaction between old age and precarious employment on poor mental well‐being in workers: Evidence from a nationally representative sample in Korea

“…Nonetheless, our operationalization reflects the characteristics of PE specific to the Korean context, and previous studies using this measurement have shown that it is closely associated with socioeconomic status and well-being of workers. 48,49 Moreover, a sensitivity analysis with a different operationalization of PE also supports the age-specific interaction of PE on poor well-being.…”

“…The measurement of PE was conducted using the KWCS‐based operationalization of precarious employment (KWCS‐OPE), which adopts a multidimensional conceptualization of PE 28 . The conceptualization of PE was based on the systematic review by Kreshpaj 4 that defines PE as comprising three distinct dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and lack of rights and protection. Dimension A: Employment insecurity consists of the following three elements: indirect employment (“yes” or “no”), length of contract (“≥1 year,” “1 month – 1 year,” “1 month”), and part‐time employment (“yes” or “no”) Dimension B: Income inadequacy consists of the following two elements: net monthly wages (“≥₩400,” “₩300–399,” “₩200–299,” “<₩200”) and income predictability (“high,” “moderate,” “low”) Dimension C: Lack of rights and protection consists of the following three elements: lack of trade union (“yes” “no/don't know”), lack of regulatory support (number of employees in the company: “<5” or “≥5”), and lack of workplace rights (vulnerability: “high,” “moderate,” “low”) …”

“…According to the response for the items, a summative score ranging from −16 to 2 was calculated, where a lower score indicates a higher level of employment precariousness (Table 1). A detailed description and operationalization of the KWCS‐OPE can be found in Table as well as the previous article 28 . Following the previous studies, 10,28 we have categorized workers' PE as low employment precariousness (−2 to 2; 32.3%), moderate precariousness (−5 to −3; 34.9%), and high precariousness (−16 to −6; 32.9%) based on the tertile values of the summative score.…”

“…The measurement of PE was conducted using the KWCS-based operationalization of precarious employment (KWCS-OPE), which adopts a multidimensional conceptualization of PE. 28 The conceptualization of PE was based on the systematic review by Kreshpaj 4 that defines PE as comprising three distinct dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and lack of rights and protection.…”

“…A detailed description and operationalization of the KWCS-OPE can be found in Table S1 as well as the previous article. 28 Following the previous studies, 10,28 we have categorized workers' PE as low employment precariousness (−2 to 2; 32.3%), moderate precariousness (−5 to −3; 34.9%), and high precariousness (−16 to −6; 32.9%) based on the tertile values of the summative score.…”