Characteristics and Sources of Single Particles in the Urban Liaocheng of North China during the Heating Period

Abstract

Liaocheng represents one of the most serious polluted cities in Northern China. To investigate the impact of residential heating activities on atmospheric particles, the chemical composition, size distribution, and evolution process of single particles collected during the wintertime of 2019 were investigated using a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). The results showed that the concentrations of four air pollutants including PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO during the heating period were 1.1-1.2 times higher than those before the heating period largely due to the increase of pollutant emissions from coal combustion, while O3 concentration during the heating period decreased by 40.2%. The mass spectra and unscaled size distributions of single particles suggested that the particles had undergone a significant aging process during the whole observation period. The acidity of single particles was calculated by the relative acidity ratio (Rra), which increased from 36.1 ± 13.9 before the heating period to 64.8 ± 43.9 during the heating period, implying that the single particles were more acidic and less aged during the heating period, mainly due to the enhanced formation of sulfate and nitrate and the decreased O3 concentration during the heating period. Moreover, Rra decreased from clean days to polluted days before and during the heating period, suggesting that the atmospheric particles in polluted days were less acidic and more aged. The percentage of elemental carbon (EC) particles increased by 13.6% and 11.5% from clean days to polluted days before and during the heating period, respectively, suggesting the significant contribution of EC particles to the polluted days. Source identification results showed that single particles before the heating period were mostly derived from secondary inorganic source (26.5%) and vehicle exhaust (21.4%), whereas those during the heating period were largely from coal combustion (24.0%) and secondary inorganic source (21.4%).

Impact of Motor Vehicle Exhaust on the Air Quality of an Urban City

“…In 2004, the concentration of NO2 in the air during the urban heating period was nearly twice as high as during the non-heating period. Song et al (2021) concentrations of four air pollutants including PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO during the heating period in Northern China, the results showed that the air pollutants during the heating period were mostly derived from secondary inorganic source (26.5%), coal combustion (24.0%) and vehicle exhaust (21.4%). Gu et al (2014) found that the weather of Jinan in winter was usually influenced by high pressure systems by the 1-year observation of PM2.5 in Jinan, which caused formation of inversion layers that could inhibit pollutant dispersion.…”