Characteristics and weathering mechanisms of the traditional Chinese blue brick from the ancient city of Ping Yao

Liu, Jianbin; Zhang, Zhongjian

doi:10.1098/rsos.200058

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In the formula: ρ 0 is the apparent density of blue brick material, the unit is g/cm 3 . m is the mass of specimen under natural state, the unit is g. V is the volume of the specimen, the unit is cm 3 .…”

Section: Test Methods 221 Physical Properties Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the formula: P is the porosity of blue brick material, the unit is %. ρ 0 is the apparent density of blue brick material, the unit is g/cm 3 . ρ is specimen density, the unit is g/cm 3 .…”

Section: Test Methods 221 Physical Properties Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Li et al [2] analyzed the physical properties, mineral composition and salt resistance of Pingyao ancient city blue brick, and proposed that capillary water rise was the main reason for wall deterioration. Liu et al [3] conducted physical tests on the ancient brick samples of Ming and Qing Dynasties in Shanxi Province, and believed that the dynasties had little influence on the physical properties of the original components of ancient bricks, and the main components of ancient bricks were quartz and feldspar. On moisture absorption of blue brick materials, Maria et al [4] found that the brick walls of historical buildings were limited in the level of craftsmanship at that time, and artificial masonry made the pores in the walls larger and easier to absorb water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study on Properties of Blue-Brick Masonry Materials for Historical Buildings

S.K.¹,

Wang²,

Bao³

2022

Journal of Renewable Materials

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There are a large number of historic buildings which were mainly made of blue-brick masonry in today's world. However, for the natural and man-made reasons, these historic buildings have been damaged in different degrees. In order to protect historic buildings more scientifically and learn about the preservation state of existing historic buildings, it is necessary to ascertain the material properties of blue brick in historic buildings. The article takes the blue bricks of historical buildings in Kaifeng area of the Central Plains as an example to study. Through the analysis of physical properties, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy of blue brick specimens, the physical properties such as the apparent density, moisture content, porosity, and material structure composition are understood. The results show that the apparent density of blue brick is 1.64 g/cm 3 , the moisture content is 10.23%, the 24 h atmospheric water absorption is 17.86%, and the porosity is 20.99%. The smaller the apparent density is, the larger the porosity is, and the water absorption performance is better. From the microscopic point of view, bonding ability between blue brick mineral particles is relatively weak. The pores between skeletons are large and the pore structure is obvious. From the perspective of material phase, the elements of blue brick are mainly O, Si, Al, Fe, and the composition of blue brick is mainly composed of quartz and feldspar. The softening coefficient of blue brick is 0.80, and the deformation and stability of the structure should be paid special attention in the rainy season or wet environment. Through the frost test, there are salt substances in the internal pores of the brick, and the surface of the blue brick is eroded and pulverized. In this paper, the experimental process and analysis methods for testing the material properties of blue brick can provide reference for the research on the material properties of the same kind of blue-brick masonry in historic buildings and masonry relics. The relevant material property parameters obtained in this paper can provide guidance for making protection schemes and scientific repairs for historic buildings in Central China, enrich the evaluation criteria for maintaining and reinforcing historic buildings, and provide theoretical support for studying the damage and health detection technology related to historic buildings.

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Section: Test Methods 221 Physical Properties Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Test Methods 221 Physical Properties Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Study on Properties of Blue-Brick Masonry Materials for Historical Buildings

S.K.¹,

Wang²,

Bao³

2022

Journal of Renewable Materials

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“…In recent years, researchers have examined the characteristics of bricks under freezing and thawing environments, and have obtained a number of results. Liu and Zhang found that salt crystallization and freeze–thaw cycles were important factors leading to brick weathering through on-site investigations and indoor experiments, and formulated antiweathering strategies [ 10 ]. Tang et al studied the effects of freeze–thaw action and saturation on the mechanical properties of ancient bricks and mortar [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Deterioration of Gray Brick with Different Moisture Contents under Freeze–Thaw Environment

Yue

Zhao

et al. 2022

Materials

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Generally, brick buildings are in the open-air environment year round, and damage to them is aggravated by the effect of repeated freezing and thawing cycles. In order to determine freeze–thaw damage and deterioration mechanism, the initial moisture content of gray brick specimens was set as 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%. The effects of moisture content and the number of freeze–thaw cycles on the quality, mechanical properties and microstructure of gray brick were investigated by uniaxial compression tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. Numerical simulations were applied to model the freezing and thawing process. The results showed that: as the number of freeze–thaw cycles increased, the mass loss rate and peak strength reduction rate of gray brick both increased. The initial moisture content had a greater impact on damage to gray brick due to freeze–thaw; ω = 80% was defined as the limit moisture content of gray brick. Under the repeated action of freeze–thaw cycles, the areas affected by thermal stress were mainly concentrated in the center of the outer surface and the center of the side of gray bricks. The maximum thermal stress after 55 freeze–thaw cycles was 1.522 × 10−2 MPa. This research results provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and protection of frost damage of brick buildings in a freeze–thaw environment.

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“…Dynasties and regions had a particular influence on the composition of ancient bricks. To explore the main factors of the weathering of blue bricks in the ancient city of Pingyao, Liu et al 17 conducted various performance studies on the blue clay bricks in the old town of Pingyao. The results showed that the crystallization and freeze–thaw cycles of soluble salts were the two main factors leading to the weathering of these bricks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study on the properties of modern blue clay brick for Kaifeng People's Conference Hall

Bao

2021

Sci Rep

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This article presents building assessment research comprising on-site inspections, indoor scientific tests, and material performance studies on the wall blue clay bricks in the Kaifeng People’s Conference Hall, objectively developing an enhanced scientific understanding to renovate modern buildings. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), alongside a parametric study of density, moisture content, water absorption, void ratio, frosting, compressive strength, and softening coefficient in assessing the material health of the blue clay bricks and it’s non-key parts, in developing “appropriate and compatible renovation” to repair contemporaneous buildings. The composition, pore characteristics, weathering degree, and mechanical properties of the blue clay brick samples were analyzed. These parameters showed that blue clay brick fired at less than 1000 °C; the main mineral composition as quartz, followed by albite, mica, and anorthite. Its density was 1.573 g/cm3, less than the 1.70 g/cm3 of ordinary clay brick. According to the standards, the water absorption was greater than that of regular sintered bricks by more than 18% and was slightly frosted. Compressive strength being less than MU10 did not meet the current design specifications for masonry. Its softening coefficient was between 0.70 and 0.85, but its water resistance was relatively good. The research results provide an essential reference for judging the health and longevity of modern buildings to achieve scientific guidelines for practical protection.

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Characteristics and weathering mechanisms of the traditional Chinese blue brick from the ancient city of Ping Yao

Cited by 18 publications

References 37 publications

Study on Properties of Blue-Brick Masonry Materials for Historical Buildings

Study on Properties of Blue-Brick Masonry Materials for Historical Buildings

Study on Deterioration of Gray Brick with Different Moisture Contents under Freeze–Thaw Environment

Experimental study on the properties of modern blue clay brick for Kaifeng People's Conference Hall

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