Characteristics common to a cytokine family spanning five orders of insects

Matsumoto, Hitoshi; Tsuzuki, Seiji; Date-Ito, Atsuko; Ohnishi, Atsushi; Hayakawa, Yoichi

doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.03.001

Cited by 34 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…1b), respectively. As in previous studies, we employed the active version of these peptides that are released following serine protease action on the inactive propeptide precursors 8,13 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of these cytokines, which have variously been described as either growth-blocking peptides (‘GBPs’) 8 , or plasmatocyte-spreading peptides 8,12–14 , are activated on their release from the C terminus of larger propeptides by serine protease activity. These bioactive peptides contain a consensus motif: Cx 2 Gx (4–6) Gx (1–2) C[K/R] 13 . The active form of Drosophila GBP contains 24 amino-acid residues; overexpression of GBP in Drosophila larvae increases the expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes such as Metchnikowin ( Mtk ) and Diptericin ( Dpt ), which are markers for humoral aspects of innate immunity 8 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Switching between humoral and cellular immune responses in Drosophila is guided by the cytokine GBP

et al. 2014

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Insects combat infection through carefully measured cellular (for example, phagocytosis) and humoral (for example, secretion of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)) innate immune responses. Little is known concerning how these different defense mechanisms are coordinated. Here, we use insect plasmatocytes and hemocyte-like Drosophila S2 cells to characterize mechanisms of immunity that operate in the haemocoel. We demonstrate that a Drosophila cytokine, growth-blocking peptides (GBP), acts through the phospholipase C (PLC)/Ca2+ signalling cascade to mediate the secretion of Pvf, a ligand for platelet-derived growth factor- and vascular endothelial growth factor-receptor (Pvr) homologue. Activated Pvr recruits extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase to inhibit humoral immune responses, while stimulating cell ‘spreading’, an initiating event in cellular immunity. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-targeted knockdown of either Pvf2 or Pvr inhibits GBP-mediated cell spreading and activates AMP expression. Conversely, Pvf2 overexpression enhances cell spreading but inhibits AMP expression. Thus, we describe mechanisms to initiate immune programs that are either humoral or cellular in nature, but not both; such immunophysiological polarization may minimize homeostatic imbalance during infection.

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“…1b), respectively. As in previous studies, we employed the active version of these peptides that are released following serine protease action on the inactive propeptide precursors 8,13 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Switching between humoral and cellular immune responses in Drosophila is guided by the cytokine GBP

et al. 2014

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“…To collect hemocytes, 500 μL of anti-coagulant solution (98 mM NaOH, 186 mM NaCl, 17 mM Na 2 EDTA, 41 mM citric acid, pH 4.5) was first injected into each locust as described previously (Huxham and Lackie 1988). The low pH anti-coagulant solution was used for locust hemocyte harvest and processing as recommended before (Matsumoto et al 2012;Pech et al 1994). Hemolymph was flushed out into 1 mL ice-cold anti-coagulant solution within 1 min after the injection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of primary cell cultures using hemocytes and phagocytic tissue cells of Locusta migratoria: an application for locust immunity studies

Duressa

Huybrechts

2015

In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Animal

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Insect cell cultures played central roles in unraveling many insect physiological and immunological processes. Regardless, despite imminent needs, insect cell lines were developed primarily from Dipteran and Lepidopteran orders, leaving many important insects such as Orthopteran locusts under-represented. Besides the lack of cell lines, the slow progress in development of in vitro techniques is attributed to poor communications between different laboratories regarding optimized primary cell cultures. Therefore, we report here about methods developed for primary cell culture of Locusta migratoria hemocyte and phagocytic tissue cells by which we could maintain viable hemocytes in vitro for over 5 d and phagocytic tissue cells for over 12 d. 2-Mercaptoethanol and phenyl-thiourea supplements in Grace's medium together with addition of fetal bovine serum 30 min after cell seeding resulted in a successful setup of the primary cell cultures and a week-long survival of the hemocytes and phagocytic tissue cells in vitro.

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“…While ENF peptides are only found in lepidopterans, their evolution goes beyond moths and butterflies. Homologous peptides have been isolated from hemolymph of insects in six different orders [3]. GBP homologs also include: upstream ENF peptides (uENFs) [4] and stress response peptides (SRPs) [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solution Structure and Expression Profile of an Insect Cytokine: Manduca sexta Stress Response Peptide-2

Schrag¹,

Cao²,

Herrera³

et al. 2016

PPL

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Manduca sexta stress response peptide-2 (SRP2) is predicted to be a 25-residue peptide (FGVKDGKCPSGRVRRLGICVPDDDY), which may function as an insect cytokine to regulate immune responses. Produced as an inactive precursor, endogenous proSRP2 is probably converted to active SRP2 by limited proteolysis in response to invading pathogens, along with prophenoloxidase and pro-Spätzle activation. In addition to immunity, SRP2 may control head morphogenesis or other developmental processes in the lepidopteran insect. We have examined the profiles of SRP2 gene expression in terms of immune induction capacity, tissue specificity, and developmental changes. To gain insights into its functions, we chemically synthesized SRP2, injected the peptide solution into naïve larvae, and detected significant up-regulation of several antimicrobial peptide genes. We determined the 3D molecular structure in solution of SRP2 by two-dimensional 1H-1H NMR spectroscopy. SRP2 has an ordered structure, which is composed of two short ß-strands at regions R12 - R15 and I18 - V20, one type-I’ ß-turn at region R15 - I18, and a half turn at region C8 - S10 in its well-defined core stabilized by a covalent disulfide bond between C8 and C19. The secondary and tertiary structures are further stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Possible relationships between the structure and function are also discussed.

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Characteristics common to a cytokine family spanning five orders of insects

Cited by 34 publications

References 43 publications

Switching between humoral and cellular immune responses in Drosophila is guided by the cytokine GBP

Switching between humoral and cellular immune responses in Drosophila is guided by the cytokine GBP

Development of primary cell cultures using hemocytes and phagocytic tissue cells of Locusta migratoria: an application for locust immunity studies

Solution Structure and Expression Profile of an Insect Cytokine: Manduca sexta Stress Response Peptide-2

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