Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from pistachio-nut shell by zinc chloride activation under nitrogen and vacuum conditions

Lua, Aik Chong; Yang, Ting

doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.063

Cited by 186 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Numerous hard, partially carbonized or raw precursors of carbon, e.g. lignocelulitic materials (coconut shells and palm seeds [25], pistachio-nut shell [24], peach stones [40]) were impregnated with various amounts of ZnCl 2 , which was used to generate the abundant volume of micropores in the carbonaceous materials after activation.…”

Section: Characterization Of Porositymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For these impregnated samples, the zinc chloride assumes a dehydration agent role [24,39]. It decomposes under the conditions of carbonization when heated under N 2 or vacuum at high temperature.…”

Section: Characterization Of Porositymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is possible to modify the hard precursor by means of physical activators (e.g. CO 2 ) [20] or chemically, with ie, KOH [21][22][23] or ZnCl 2 [24][25][26][27][28] after pre-carbonization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hierarchical porous carbon templated with silica spheres of a diameter of 14 nm from pure chitosan or a chitosan/ZnCl2 solution

2018

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Nitrogen-containing mesoporous carbons with the use of colloidal silica spheres of (14 nm) and chitosan as a carbon precursor were obtained. A removal of such small template particles from carbonized silica-chitosan composite is difficult and HF with a minimum concentration of 15 wt% should be used. By varying the silica-to-chitosan ratio, the porous characteristic of products is controlled. The modification by ZnCl 2 with a molar Zn-to-C (in chitosan mass) ratio of '6' results in the development of microporosity; however it is accompanied by a significant reduction of mesopore volume (V mes ). The addition of ZnCl 2 in a ratio of '5.25' and pH adjustment to 5.8 increase the volumes of micropores, small mesopores, BET surface area to 1975 m 2 /g, and preserve V mes of 4.15 cm 3 /g. The novelty of the presented strategy is the creation of microporosity in the hard-templated materials by incorporating ZnCl 2 into the mixture of Ludox HS-40 template and chitosan precursor, as well as the investigation on how the pH of synthesis influences the final porosity. The pH of a silica-chitosan-zinc solution, equal to 3.9, provides some coordination of Zn 2+ by -OH and -NH 2 groups, whereas pH adjustment to 5.8 results in the precipitation of a new template-Zn(OH) 2 .

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Section: Characterization Of Porositymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of Porositymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hierarchical porous carbon templated with silica spheres of a diameter of 14 nm from pure chitosan or a chitosan/ZnCl2 solution

2018

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“…This results into the destruction of the cellulose structures. Tar formation is inhibited and carbon yield is increased by the chemical activation of the agents [28,29]. Several researchers have made use of ZnCl2 for the chemical activation step of the AC preparation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Activated Carbon Prepared from Sago Palm Bark through Physiochemical Activated Process with Zinc Chloride

Erabee¹,

Ahsan²,

Zularisam³

et al. 2017

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Abstract. This study aimed to use sago palm bark to formulate a new adsorbent activated carbon (AC) contains highly surface area through physicochemical method via ZnCl2 activation. Conduction of the activation process was performed at varying impregnation ratios (0.5-2.0). Thermal decomposition was determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Porosity characterizations of AC were conducted by using N2 adsorption-desorption in order to characterise properties like pore volume, surface area, and micropore volume. To detect the presence of functional groups which were found on the surface of AC, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was utilised. Morphology of AC was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Experimental results showed that maximum AC surface area was 1737 m 2 /g. Activation temperature was revealed to be 700 o C, with chemical impregnation ratio of zinc chloride to a precursor equal to 1.5/1.

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“…Inexpensive substances with high carbon content and low inorganic content are potential raw materials for activated carbon production. The most frequently used raw materials for manufacturing activated carbon are coal (Chattopadhyaya et al, 2006;Jibril et al, 2007;Pietrzak et al, 2007), wood wastes (Girods et al, 2009), lignite, pistachio nut shells (Lua and Yang, 2005), corncobs (Cao et al, 2006), coconut shells (Achaw and Afrane, 2008), walnut shells (Kim et al, 2001;Martinez et al, 2006), mango pits (Elozalde-Gonzalez and Hernandez-Montoya, 2007), tobacco stems (Li et al, 2008), coffee bean husks (Baquero et al, 2003), cherry stones (Oilvares-Marin et al, 2007), olive pits (Lafi, 2001;Stavropoulos and Zabaniotou, 2005), and sawdust (Ismadji et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of granular activated carbon from food-processing wastes (walnut shells and jujube seeds) and its adsorptive properties

Bae

Kim

Chung

2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Commercial activated carbon is a highly effective absorbent that can be used to remove micropollutants from water. As a result, the demand for activated carbon is increasing. In this study, we investigated the optimum manufacturing conditions for producing activated carbon from ligneous wastes generated from food processing. Jujube seeds and walnut shells were selected as raw materials. Carbonization and steam activation were performed in a fixed-bed laboratory electric furnace. To obtain the highest iodine number, the optimum conditions for producing activated carbon from jujube seeds and walnut shells were 2 hr and 1.5 hr (carbonization at 700 C) followed by 1 hr and 0.5 hr (activation at 1000 C), respectively. The surface area and iodine number of activated carbon made from jujube seeds and walnut shells were 1,477 and 1,184 m 2 /g and 1,450 and 1,200 mg/g, respectively. A pore-distribution analysis revealed that most pores had a pore diameter within or around 30-40 Å, and adsorption capacity for surfactants was about 2 times larger than the commercial activated carbon, indicating that waste-based activated carbon can be used as alternative.Implications: Wastes discharged from agricultural and food industries results in a serious environmental problem. A method is proposed to convert food-processing wastes such as jujube seeds and walnut shells into high-grade granular activated carbon. Especially, the performance of jujube seeds as activated carbon is worthy of close attention. There is little research about the application of jujube seeds. Also, when compared to two commercial carbons (Samchully and Calgon samples), the results show that it is possible to produce high-quality carbon, particularly from jujube seed, using a one-stage, 1,000 C, steam pyrolysis. The preparation of activated carbon from food-processing wastes could increase economic return and reduce pollution.

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Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from pistachio-nut shell by zinc chloride activation under nitrogen and vacuum conditions

Cited by 186 publications

References 26 publications

Hierarchical porous carbon templated with silica spheres of a diameter of 14 nm from pure chitosan or a chitosan/ZnCl2 solution

Hierarchical porous carbon templated with silica spheres of a diameter of 14 nm from pure chitosan or a chitosan/ZnCl2 solution

A New Activated Carbon Prepared from Sago Palm Bark through Physiochemical Activated Process with Zinc Chloride

Production of granular activated carbon from food-processing wastes (walnut shells and jujube seeds) and its adsorptive properties

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