“…The total amount of energy transferred from an explosive to the blast wave is the explosion energy, which is a key quantity in the study of blasting. Theoretically, the explosion energy could be calculated from the volume, V , of explosion expansion over its range of pressure, P, by evaluating the integral ; that is, by finding the expansion work of the system (Kinney and Graham 2013). However, the evaluation of this integral could be difficult because it requires knowledge of the initial conditions of the explosion, plus the pressure-volume relationships for the gas the temperature of which is changing.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This is analogous to the more common Gibbs free energy function, G = E + PV – TS . The explosion energy then is the decreased Helmholtz free energy function (Kinney and Graham 2013). …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This section presents a formula for the calculation of the explosion energy based on the ideal gas EOS in Kinney and Graham (2013). This common formula is widely used to assess the explosion energy of CO 2 blasting in coal seam gas drainage (Lu et al.…”
A carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) blasting system is a reusable non-explosive blasting product that can be used in many engineering applications. To investigate the influences of thermodynamic properties of liquid CO 2 and its explosion energy during the phase transition, the pressure within the blasting tube was measured in a laboratory for a liquid CO 2 blasting system. Based on the measured pressure curve, the CO 2 blasting process can be divided into three stages: pressure rising stage, pressure release stage and pressure recovery stage. The evolutions of temperature, pressure, phase transition and explosion energy of the CO 2 blasting system were analysed in detail in this work. The results show that the variation rate of temperature increases as the initial density of CO 2 decreases. The effect of initial CO 2 density on its isochoric heat capacity is also significant as the lower the initial density, the higher the peak specific heat capacity at the critical temperature. Based on the Span and Wagner CO 2 equation of state and the thermodynamics of explosions, a method is proposed to calculate the explosion energy of CO 2 blasting systems. This method produces more accurate and realistic results.
“…The total amount of energy transferred from an explosive to the blast wave is the explosion energy, which is a key quantity in the study of blasting. Theoretically, the explosion energy could be calculated from the volume, V , of explosion expansion over its range of pressure, P, by evaluating the integral ; that is, by finding the expansion work of the system (Kinney and Graham 2013). However, the evaluation of this integral could be difficult because it requires knowledge of the initial conditions of the explosion, plus the pressure-volume relationships for the gas the temperature of which is changing.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This is analogous to the more common Gibbs free energy function, G = E + PV – TS . The explosion energy then is the decreased Helmholtz free energy function (Kinney and Graham 2013). …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This section presents a formula for the calculation of the explosion energy based on the ideal gas EOS in Kinney and Graham (2013). This common formula is widely used to assess the explosion energy of CO 2 blasting in coal seam gas drainage (Lu et al.…”
A carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) blasting system is a reusable non-explosive blasting product that can be used in many engineering applications. To investigate the influences of thermodynamic properties of liquid CO 2 and its explosion energy during the phase transition, the pressure within the blasting tube was measured in a laboratory for a liquid CO 2 blasting system. Based on the measured pressure curve, the CO 2 blasting process can be divided into three stages: pressure rising stage, pressure release stage and pressure recovery stage. The evolutions of temperature, pressure, phase transition and explosion energy of the CO 2 blasting system were analysed in detail in this work. The results show that the variation rate of temperature increases as the initial density of CO 2 decreases. The effect of initial CO 2 density on its isochoric heat capacity is also significant as the lower the initial density, the higher the peak specific heat capacity at the critical temperature. Based on the Span and Wagner CO 2 equation of state and the thermodynamics of explosions, a method is proposed to calculate the explosion energy of CO 2 blasting systems. This method produces more accurate and realistic results.
“…Figure 1 depicts a typical blast-induced crater profile caused by a buried explosion. As is shown in Figure 1, the crucial dimensions of craters include the radius (apparent or true), the depth and the expelled soil volume measured from the original ground surface.Figure 1.A typical crater profile caused by a buried explosion (Kinney and Graham, 1985). …”
Section: Inverse Analysis Of Explosivesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The buried explosion is not the case of inverse analysis considering that almost all explosion incidents, deliberate and accidental, occur on or above ground level. For unburied explosions, Kinney and Graham (1985) established an empirical relationship between the crater’s diameter and TNT equivalency (c.f., Equation (3)), and the coefficient of variance of the empirical equation is about 30%. They also concluded that the crater depth approximately equalled one-quarter of the crater diameter.…”
Extreme explosion events result in demands for emergency rescue service. From the civil engineering perspective, a quick safety assessment of building structures in the explosion’s vicinity will provide the emergency rescue committee with concrete support to make scientific decisions. In this paper, three primary issues, namely, inverse analysis of explosive characteristics, blast wave propagation in complex urban areas and blast-induced damage identification, are reviewed. These are often performed stepwise and form a multi-step whole to assist the emergency rescue service. The paper begins by introducing the inverse analysis of explosives based on craters, building damages and seismic or acoustic records. In this step, explosive characteristics, for example, charge type, original time, yield and location, could be produced and input into blast load calculation in the next step. Then, the existing literature on blast wave propagation and blast load determination is presented with close attention to complex urban environments. It shows that the current study remains in its infancy and relies on advancement in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Besides, pressure–impulse (P-I) diagrams which predict the structural damage based on the calculated blast loads are illustrated. Onsite damage detection techniques, such as visual inspection, non-destructive testing (NDT) and vibration-based methods, are also discussed. The paper ends with a discussion of the shortcomings of previous work and the outlooks of further work.
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