Characteristics of azaarenes and dioxins in gases emitted from waste incinerators

Abstract

In this study, we propose an analytical method to determine the fourteen of azaarenes present in fl ue gas samples collected according to Japanese Industrial Standard K 0311, which designates the method for the determination of dioxins in fl ue gas. Azaarenes can be analyzed using the acidic water phase after shaking extraction with dichloromethane, which is unnecessary for dioxin analysis. Flue gas samples were obtained from 24 waste incinerators in Japan, and azaarenes were detected in all the fl ue gas samples (0.21-3800 μg/m 3 N ). The most abundant of the detected compounds were quinoline and isoquinoline. The concentration of azaarenes had a tendency to increase with that of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. The isomer distribution of heptachloro-dibenzofurans (HpCDFs) was calculated using the computed Gibbs energy of formation (ΔG f ) obtained by the semiempirical molecular orbital method at various temperatures. The calculated isomer distribution was fi tted to the measured value of HpCDFs. It seems that the temperature obtained from the fi tting calculations is an indicator of the cooling capacity of the combustion gas in an incinerator. The computed ΔG f also explained the measured isomer distributions of azaarenes. It is suggested that the isomer distribution of azaarenes in the combustion process is thermodynamically controlled.

Distribution, Characteristics, and Worldwide Inventory of Dioxins in Kaolin Ball Clays

“…The analytical method was similar to that described earlier with minor modifications . Briefly, 100 g of the samples (20 g for American ball clay) were extracted using toluene for 24 h in a Soxhlet apparatus.…”

“…The analytical method was similar to that described earlier with minor modifications. 17 Briefly, 100 g of the samples (20 g for American ball clay) were extracted using toluene for 24 h in a Soxhlet apparatus. As for the internal standard, 0.5 to 1 ng of 13 C-labeled PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs (Wellington Laboratories, Ontario, Canada) were spiked into half of the extract (one-twentieth of the extract for American ball clay), after extraction.…”

A three-component reaction between azaarenes (phenanthridine, quinoline or isoquinoline), acetylenic esters and phenol derivatives

“…They are also found in stack gases from coal combustion and automobile exhaust gases. [2][3][4][5] The isoquinoline skeleton is found in a large number of naturally occurring and synthetic biologically active heterocyclic compounds. 6,7 These compounds exhibit sedative, 8 antidepressant 9 and antimicrobial activities.…”

Particulate emissions of tire combustion

“…Azaarenes and oxy-PAH have been measured in ambient aerosols (Delhomme and Millet 2012;Chen and Preston 1998;Delgado-Saborit et al 2013) and are detected in PM emitted by combustion sources such as waste incineration (Minomo et al 2009), gasoline and diesel emissions (Jakober et al 2007) bio-mass burning (Fine, Cass and Simoneit 2001), and tire combustion (Demarini et al 1994;. Oxy-PAH have also been shown to form in a secondary nature as a result of parent PAH reacting with atmospheric oxidants such as ozone and hydroxyl radicals (Wang, Atkinson and Arey 2007;Perraudin, Budzinski and Villenave 2007).…”