Characteristics of beech bark and its effect on properties of UF adhesive and on bonding strength and formaldehyde emission of plywood panels

Bekhta, Pavlo; Sedliacik, J; Нощенко, Г. В.; Kačík, František; Bekhta, Nataliya

doi:10.1007/s00107-020-01632-8

Cited by 57 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The specific chemical composition of BB in the UF adhesive mixture apparently affected the mechanical properties of plywood to a minimal extent which is also supported by other research works [19,20,31].…”

Section: Shear Strength Of Plywood Panelssupporting

confidence: 80%

“…To determine the formaldehyde content, 25 mL of the formaldehyde solution from the desiccator was mixed with 25 mL of acetylacetone-ammonium acetate solution in a 100 mL flask. The stoppered flasks were then heated in a water bath at 65 ± 2 • C for 10 min and subsequently cooled to ambient temperature for 60 ± 5 min [20,79].…”

Section: Formaldehyde Emission From Plywood Panelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formaldehyde content was determined using a calibration curve which was prepared from standard formaldehyde solutions. Formaldehyde emission tests were carried out in duplicate [20,79].…”

Section: Formaldehyde Emission From Plywood Panelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high lignin content in BB (approx. 28%) also plays an important role, contributing to form a stable connection with the tannins and improving their reactivity with the hardener, leading to an improvement of adhesion properties [20,93].…”

Section: Modulus Of Rupture and Modulus Of Elasticity Of Plywood Panelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, bark is burned in plywood mills, and its necessary production is considered as a load, therefore the incorporation of bark into adhesive mixtures would relieve the plywood producers from great amount of by-products and waste. This will also result in reduced production costs, since the purchase of food flour as a filler would not be necessary, as the bark comes from its own unused material stocks in plywood mills [19,20,28,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing

et al. 2021

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The potential of using ground birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.) bark as an eco-friendly additive in urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives for plywood manufacturing was investigated in this work. Five-ply plywood panels were fabricated in the laboratory from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) veneers bonded with UF adhesive formulations comprising three addition levels of birch bark (BB) as a filler (10%, 15%, and 20%). Two UF resin formulations filled with 10% and 20% wheat flour (WF) were used as reference samples. The mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity and shear strength) of the laboratory-fabricated plywood panels, bonded with the addition of BB in the adhesive mixture, were evaluated and compared with the European standard requirements (EN 310 and EN 314-2). The mechanical strength of the plywood with the addition of BB in the adhesive mixture is acceptable and met the European standard requirements. Markedly, the positive effect of BB in the UF adhesive mixture on the reduction of formaldehyde emission from plywood panels was also confirmed. Initially, the most significant decrease in formaldehyde release (up to 14%) was measured for the plywood sample, produced with 15% BB. After four weeks, the decrease in formaldehyde was estimated up to 51% for the sample manufactured with 20% BB. The performed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), also confirmed the findings of the study. As this research demonstrated, BB as a waste or by-product of wood processing industry, can be efficiently utilized as an environmentally friendly, inexpensive alternative to WF as a filler in UF adhesive formulations for plywood manufacturing.

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Section: Shear Strength Of Plywood Panelssupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Formaldehyde Emission From Plywood Panelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Formaldehyde Emission From Plywood Panelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modulus Of Rupture and Modulus Of Elasticity Of Plywood Panelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing

et al. 2021

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Urea impregnated multiwalled carbon nanotubes; a formaldehyde scavenger for urea formaldehyde adhesives and medium density fiberboards bonded with them

Mazaheri

Moghimi

Taheri

2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were subjected to modification by urea to use as formaldehyde scavenger in urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive and reducing the free formaldehyde emission of the medium density fiberboards (MDFs). Morphological differences besides elemental analysis was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The effect of urea impregnated MWCNTs filler on the physical, morphological and thermal properties of the UF resin has investigated. Furthermore, characterization of the mechanical properties, free formaldehyde emission and thickness swelling were carried out for the MDF panels. From the results, the free formaldehyde of the UF resins was significantly decreased. The lowest free formaldehyde was belonged to the sample with 3 wt% of scavenger which was about 71% lower than the value for neat UF resin. Accordingly, the formaldehyde emission of the fiberboards was also showed a descending trend by incorporation of MWCNTs‐U to the composite structure. It was decreased from 9.67 to 3.89 mg/100 g dried board. These results indicated that the prepared nano modifier was successfully performed as a formaldehyde scavenger for the UF resin and could prevent the hazards of the free formaldehyde emission from MDF panels.

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Potential of Nanomaterials in Bio-Based Wood Adhesives: An Overview

Antov

Lee

Yadav

2022

Emerging Nanomaterials

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Characteristics of beech bark and its effect on properties of UF adhesive and on bonding strength and formaldehyde emission of plywood panels

Cited by 57 publications

References 53 publications

Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing

Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing

Urea impregnated multiwalled carbon nanotubes; a formaldehyde scavenger for urea formaldehyde adhesives and medium density fiberboards bonded with them

Potential of Nanomaterials in Bio-Based Wood Adhesives: An Overview

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