Characteristics of carbon dioxide-induced antinociception

Mischler, Scott A.; Hough, Lindsay B.; Battles, August H.

doi:10.1016/0091-3057(95)00181-6

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…A single breath of CO 2 at a concentration of 35% was sufficient to elicit a sympathetic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response in normal human subjects (Kaye et al, 2004), suggesting that CO 2 concentrations as low as 35% is sufficient to cause distress in animals. However, previous studies have shown that anesthetizing rats with CO 2 at concentrations .70% can have an anti-nociceptive effect in response to thermal and mechanical nociceptive tests for up to 60 min (Mischler et al, 1994;Mischler et al, 1996). It is, therefore, unlikely that even at low concentrations CO 2 is acceptable from a welfare perspective as a form of anesthesia to mitigate the pain caused by docking in pigs, unless the benefits of CO 2 -induced antinociception outweigh the initial stress caused by induction.…”

Section: Sutherland Davis and Mcglonementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of local or general anesthesia on the physiology and behavior of tail docked pigs

Sutherland

Davis

McGlone

2011

Animal

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Tail docking of pigs is a routine procedure on farms to help control tail-biting behavior; however, docking can cause pain. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of local or general anesthesia on the physiology (experiment 1) and behavior (experiment 2) of tail docked pigs. Pigs were allocated to one of six treatment groups: (i) sham docking (CON); (ii) docking using conventional cutting (CUT) with side-cutting pliers; (iii) CUT docking plus local anesthesia injected immediately before docking (LA); (iv) CUT docking plus short-acting local anesthesia applied topically to the tail wound (SHORT); (v) CUT docking plus longacting anesthesia applied topically to the tail wound (LONG) and (vi) CUT docking while the pig was anesthetized with carbon dioxide gas (CO 2 ). In experiment 1, blood samples were collected from pigs (10 pigs per treatment) before and 30, 60 and 120 min after docking to measure leukocyte counts and percentages and cortisol concentrations. In experiment 2, the above treatments were repeated (10 pigs per treatment); the percentage of stress vocalizations were recorded during the administration of the treatments and behavior was recorded for up to 120 min after docking or handling. All pigs were weighed before and 24 h after docking and wound healing was recorded until weaning. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was greater (P , 0.05) in CUT, LA, SHORT and LONG compared with CON pigs. At 30 min, cortisol concentrations were greater (P , 0.05) in CUT, LA, LONG and CO 2 compared with CON pigs. Cortisol concentrations did not differ ( P . 0.05) between SHORT and CON pigs 30 min after docking. Cortisol concentrations did not differ (P . 0.05) among pigs given pain relief at the time of docking compared with pigs' docked without pain relief. Body weight change and wound scores did not differ (P . 0.05) among treatments. The percentage of stress vocalizations increased (P , 0.05) in CUT, SHORT and LONG, but not in CON, LA and CO 2 pigs in response to docking or handling. The percentage of time pigs spent lying without contact after docking tended to be greater (P 5 0.06) in CUT pigs compared with all other docking treatments and CON pigs. In this study, none of the anesthesia treatments tested were effective at significantly changing the physiological or behavioral response to tail docking in pigs.

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Section: Sutherland Davis and Mcglonementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of local or general anesthesia on the physiology and behavior of tail docked pigs

Sutherland

Davis

McGlone

2011

Animal

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“…hypercapnia, immediately evokes synaptic depression in rat hippocampal slices (Balestrino & Somjen, 1988; Lee et al 1996; Velíšek, 1998; Hsu et al 2000), it leads to a rapid fall not only in pH o but also in the intracellular pH (pH i ) of brain tissue (Martoft et al 2003). Because hypercapnia induces antinociception, it is used to promote preslaughter anaesthesia in livestock and short‐lasting anaesthesia in, or killing of, laboratory animals (Mischler et al 1996; Martoft et al 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

Involvement of adenosine in depression of synaptic transmission during hypercapnia in isolated spinal cord of neonatal rats

Otsuguro¹,

Yamaji²,

Ban³

et al. 2006

The Journal of Physiology

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Adenosine is one of the most important neuromodulators in the CNS, both under physiological and pathological conditions. In the isolated spinal cord of the neonatal rat in vitro, acute hypercapnic acidosis (20% CO 2 , pH 6.7) reversibly depressed electrically evoked spinal reflex potentials. This depression was partially reversed by 8-cyclopentlyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (CPT), a selective A 1 adenosine receptor antagonist. Isohydric hypercapnia (20% CO 2 , pH 7.3), but not isocapnic acidosis (5% CO 2 , pH 6.7), depressed the reflex potentials, which were also reversed by CPT. An ecto-5 -nucleotidase inhibitor did not affect the hypercapnic acidosis-evoked depression. An inhibitor of adenosine kinase, but not deaminase, mimicked the inhibitory effect of hypercapnic acidosis on the spinal reflex potentials. Accumulation of extracellular adenosine and inhibition of adenosine kinase activity were caused by hypercapnic acidosis and isohydric hypercapnia, but not isohydric acidosis. These results indicate that the activation of adenosine A 1 receptors is involved in the hypercapnia-evoked depression of reflex potentials in the isolated spinal cord of the neonatal rat. The inhibition of adenosine kinase activity is suggested to cause the accumulation of extracellular adenosine during hypercapnia.

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“…Administration of CO 2 produces physiological changes in a number of different systems, including endocrine (e.g., Jones & Ritchie, 1976), respiratory (e.g., Ursino, Magosso, & Avanzolini, 2001), and nervous systems (e.g., Hemphill, Knudson, Derugin, Morabito, & Manley, 2001). Furthermore, CO 2 induces an immediate analgesia in rats across a wide range of stimulus conditions-sex, weight, handling, restraint, time of diurnal cycle (Mischler, Hough, & Battles, 1995), and nociceptive testing paradigms (Mischler et al, 1994).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Conditioning of Dyspneic Suffocation Fear

et al. 2003

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Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that a single exposure to 100% carbon dioxide (CO2) can serve as an effective unconditioned stimulus (US) in a Pavlovian aversive-context conditioning paradigm in rats. Although the US exposure parameters employed in the initial studies were sufficient for producing a context-specific enhancement of behavioral freezing and analgesia, it had yet to be determined whether variations of these CO2 conditioning procedures would produce other conditioning effects. Thus, the purpose of the following experiment was to investigate the intensity of the US on the conditioned response (CR). The findings confirm that variations in CO2 concentrations produce changes in the CR that are consistent with principles of Pavlovian conditioning. The findings lend additional support to the tenability of a dyspneic suffocation fear theory of panic disorder, a theory that postulates that at least one type of panic attack could be a consequence of Pavlovian conditioning.

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Characteristics of carbon dioxide-induced antinociception

Cited by 7 publications

References 51 publications

The effect of local or general anesthesia on the physiology and behavior of tail docked pigs

The effect of local or general anesthesia on the physiology and behavior of tail docked pigs

Involvement of adenosine in depression of synaptic transmission during hypercapnia in isolated spinal cord of neonatal rats

The Conditioning of Dyspneic Suffocation Fear

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