Characteristics of culture-condition stimulated exosomes or their loaded hydrogels in comparison with other extracellular vesicles or MSC lysates

Abstract

Recently, it has become popular to study the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by stem cells to repair damaged tissues or lost cells. Various cell types and physiological fluids release EVs, and they play an important role in cell-tocell communication. Moreover, EVs have been implicated in important processes, such as immune responses, homeostasis maintenance, coagulation, inflammation, cancer progression, angiogenesis, and antigen presentation. Thus, EVs participate in both physiological and pathological progression. The main classes of EVs include exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs). Exosomes, which carry a mass of signal molecules such as RNA, DNA, proteins, and lipids, are the most important of these EVs subsets. Currently, exosomes are generating substantial interest in the scientific community. Exosomes loaded hydrogels or under different cultural environments exhibit different properties and functions. Therefore, the exosomes obtained from different sources and conditions are worth reviewing. More importantly, no review article has compared the different EVs, such as exosomes, MVs, ApoBDs, and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lysates, which are special soluble substances. The differentiation between EVs and MSC lysates is a logical approach. Accordingly, this review provides an update on the latest progress in studying the roles of culture-condition stimulated exosomes or their loaded hydrogels and the differentiation between exosomes, MVs, ApoBDs, and MSC lysates. Published studies were retrieved from the PubMed ® database for review.

A cell adhesion-promoting multi-network 3D printing bio-ink based on natural polysaccharide hydrogel

“…On day 3, the cells in all of the aforementioned hydrogels seemed to be spreading, but the TGG cells were noticeably clumped together. It is well known that cell pseudopod dispersion enhances cell-environment interactions whereas cell clumping inhibits cell proliferation ( Luo et al, 2022 ). The results of AO/EB staining are supplemented by the statistical analysis of living and dead cells, which shows that the AHAMA/TGG and AHAMA/TGG/MMSN hydrogels contain significantly more cells than the other groups ( p < 0.05) and that pure TGG contains significantly more dead cells.…”

“…The hydrogel can be functionally changed and has tunable strength and degradability. Functionalized hydrogels can be cross-linked chemically or physically to transform from a liquid to a solid state ( Luo et al, 2022 ). Some of them respond to particular temperatures, pH levels, and light wavelengths and can cure quickly in the appropriate environments to produce 3D printing inks ( Dong et al, 2022 ; Liu et al, 2022 ).…”

Enhanced Exosomes: A Breakthrough Therapy for Chemotherapy-Induced Premature Ovarian Insufficiency

“…The composition of the exosome cargo is a crucial aspect of exosome therapy [50] and is in uenced by several factors, such as the cell source and culture conditions [51][52][53]. The type of donor cells involved in exosome cargo determines speci c features; for instance, exosomes secreted from immature dendritic cells may lack surface markers such as MHC-I, MHC-II, CD40, and CD86 [54].…”

Insights into the role of mesenchymal stem cells in cutaneous medical aesthetics: from basics to clinics

“…MSC lysates are cell breakdown products containing cell membrane surface proteins and cellular contents that have a direct effect on injured tissues; they are not immunorejected like cells and play a function in regeneration comparable to exosomes and cell supernatants [ 135 ]. MSC lysates have anti-apoptotic activity, reducing tissue damage and promoting regeneration by inhibiting apoptosis [ 136 ].…”