Characteristics of earthquake-induced landslides in a heavy snowfall region—landslides triggered by the northern Nagano prefecture earthquake, March 12, 2011, Japan

A seismologically consistent expression for the total area and volume of earthquake‐triggered landsliding

“…They were scanned and corrected for mapping errors including amalgamation [ Marc and Hovius , ] and for completeness for landslides larger than 10,000 m 2 , which dominate the total eroded volume [ Hovius et al , ]. The 29 other cases are less well constrained, because V was extrapolated based on published area‐frequency distributions or on information about a limited number of large landslides [ Bonilla , ; Govi and Sorzana , ; Pearce and O'Loughlin , ; Harp and Jibson , ; Jibson et al , ; Keefer , ; Schuster et al , ; Hancox et al , ; Antonini et al , ; Hancox et al , , ; Jibson and Harp , ; Mahdavifar et al , ; Owen et al , ; Evans et al , ; Guzzetti et al , ; Alfaro et al , ; Has et al , ; Gorum et al , ; Xu et al , , ; Barlow et al , ; Tang et al , ] (see Tables S1 and S2). Using landslide density gradients away from seismogenic faults or earthquake epicenters, we have ascertained that all comprehensive inventories and detailed field reports in our catalog have sufficient spatial coverage to capture the bulk of landsliding caused by an earthquake [cf.…”

“…They were scanned and corrected for mapping errors including amalgamation and for completeness for landslides larger than 10,000 m 2 , which dominate the total eroded volume [Hovius et al, 1997]. The 29 other cases are less well constrained, because V was extrapolated based on published area-frequency distributions or on information about a limited number of large landslides [Bonilla, 1960;Govi and Sorzana, 1977;Pearce and O'Loughlin, 1985;Harp and Jibson, 1996;Jibson et al, 1994;Keefer, 1994;Schuster et al, 1996;Hancox et al, 1997;Antonini et al, 2002;Hancox et al, 2003Hancox et al, , 2004Jibson and Harp, 2006;Mahdavifar et al, 2006;Owen et al, 2008;Evans et al, 2009;Guzzetti et al, 2009;Alfaro et al, 2012;Has et al, 2012;Gorum et al, 2014;Xu et al, 2014aXu et al, , 2014bBarlow et al, 2015;Tang et al, 2015] (see Tables S1 and S2). Using landslide density (Table S1).…”

“…For about half of the earthquakes in our database, the mean asperity depth along the fault rupture, R 0 , could be estimated from published seismological rupture inversions [Yoshida and Koketsu, 1990;Wald et al, 1991Wald et al, , 1996Zeng and Chen, 2001;Hernandez et al, 2004;Hikima and Koketsu, 2005;Pathier et al, 2006;Tan and Taymaz, 2006;Elliott et al, 2007;Cirella et al, 2009;Hashimoto et al, 2011;Wei et al, 2011;Cheloni et al, 2012;Fielding et al, 2013;Sun et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2014] (Table S1). For less constrained cases, we set R 0 at the hypocenter [Given et al, 1982;Kawakatsu and Cadena, 1991;Kikuchi and Kanamori, 1991;Stein and Ekström, 1992;Anderson et al, 1994;Stevens et al, 1998;Doser et al, 1999;Abercrombie et al, 2000;McGinty et al, 2001;Januzakov et al, 2003;Berryman and Villamor, 2004;Hancox et al, 2004;Hamzehloo, 2005;Legrand et al, 2011;Alfaro et al, 2012;Has et al, 2012] or at half the hypocentral depth when surface rupture occurred or when the earthquake exceeded M w 7.5, accounting for the fact that for large earthquakes, rupture often propagates toward the surface, with large amount of slip occurring significantly shallower than the hypocenter. This holds for the large earthquakes for which we have the complete slip distribution but is not universal, the 1991 Limon (Costa Rica) case being an exception.…”

Earthquake‐Induced Chains of Geologic Hazards: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Impacts

“…The most comprehensive and recent publication by Podolskiy et al (2010a) reports 22 historical cases of earthquake-triggered snow avalanches that occurred between 1899 and 2010 in cold Arctic regions and highly elevated mountainous terrains (e.g., the Himalayas). Important cases include rock and ice avalanches in the Chugach Mountains triggered by the 1964 Alaska earthquake (Post, 1967;Tuthill & Laird, 1966); the 1,580 large landslides triggered by the 2002 Denali earthquake over the glaciated terrain of Alaska (Gorum et al, 2014;Jibson et al, 2004); the 1,448 snowmelt-induced landslides following the 2004 Mid-Niigata prefecture earthquake (Akiyama et al, 2006), and the long runout landslides triggered over snow during the 2011 Nagano prefecture earthquake in Japan (Has et al, 2012;Yamasaki et al, 2014). Gorum et al (2013) and polygon inventories (red) mapped by three different groups: (b) Z.…”

Role of geological structure in the occurrence of earthquake-induced landslides, the case of the 2007 Mid-Niigata Offshore Earthquake, Japan

“…These earthquakes caused serious damage to the focal areas and their vicinities because of the associated landslides. Several studies have been published regarding the landslides induced by the earthquakes (Has et al, 2010(Has et al, , 2012(Has et al, , 2014Collins et al, 2012). The literature, however, mostly focused on landslide inventories and discussed the spatial distribution and relationship between the causative factors and landslide occurrences.…”