Characteristics of indoor temperatures over winter for Belgrade urban dwellings: Indications of thermal comfort and space heating energy demand

Using suite energy-use and interior condition data to improve energy modeling of a 1960s MURB

“…Through window displacement and temperature data, it was determined that residents of the subject building open their windows frequently, even during cold weather periods. These findings are similar to a study [20] of winter indoor temperatures and window operation in apartment buildings. During periods of cold weather, this behaviour contributes to increased space heating loads through uncontrolled air leakage driven by stack effect.…”

“…Kavgic et al [20] indicated that energy models often use standard air temperatures, such as the model default air temperatures used in the Traditional Approach, instead of air temperatures based on empirical data. However, interior air temperatures are not just the product of thermostat settings but they are also a 8 product of occupant behaviour as demonstrated by Jian et al [21] in their observation of the effect of window operation on suite temperature.…”

Review of the indoor environmental quality and energy consumption studies for low income households in Europe

“…The average temperature in single family houses ranged between 17.8°C and 23.2°C, while in multifamily dwellings varied between 20.2°C to 23.8°C. Kavgic et al (2012) have measured indoor temperatures in 96 dwellings in Belgrade, Serbia during the winter of 2009-2010. The average temperature in the living rooms was 22.8°C .…”

Building stock characteristics and energy performance of residential buildings in Eastern-European countries

“…In the Czech Republic, both heat cost allocators and thermal regulation valves are required by law in dwellings served by district heating [80], [81]. In Hungary and particularly in Serbia, the lack of heat cost allocators means that a significant portion of such dwellings are overheated, wasting energy [40], [82], [83]. In Serbia, bad ventilation habits are frequently observed in collective housing units during the heating season and low outside temperatures, especially long lasting ventilation with tilted windows and a fully opened radiator valve [74], [82], [83].…”