“…PML has been documented in people with various autoimmune-supposed conditions-apart from MS-who follow immunomodulation therapy, like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in parallel with cancer complications or not, Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), ANCA-associated vasculitis, autoimmune hepatitis, myositis, ulcerative colitis, lupus nephritis, ankylosing spondylitis and Crohn's disease [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]. Also, PML has possibly been evident in a case with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as in a patient with Hepatitis B virus-induced CD4 lymphocytopenia, while the disease may occur in the context of systemic sarcoidosis without immunosuppression in which it can even be the first sign, and it can initially be mistaken for neurosarcoidosis or other complications of sarcoidosis [63][64][65]. Also, divergent cases of chronic physiologic diseases/disorders under various therapies can spontaneously express PML, like Chronic Liver Disease (CLD), Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and other issues [66,67].…”