Characteristics of Seismic Noise: Fundamental and Higher Mode Energy Observed in the Northeast of the Netherlands

Kimman, W.; Campman, Xander; Trampert, Jeannot

doi:10.1785/0120110069

Cited by 47 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In reality, multiple surface wave modes may exist (e.g. Kimman et al 2012). Throughout this work, however, we shall assume that a single surface wave mode dominates the ambient seismic surface wave wavefield.…”

Section: Si By Mddmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of seismic interferometry by multidimensional deconvolution to ambient seismic noise recorded in Malargüe, Argentina

Weemstra

Draganov²,

Ruigrok

et al. 2016

Geophys. J. Int.

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S U M M A R YObtaining new seismic responses from existing recordings is generally referred to as seismic interferometry (SI). Conventionally, the SI responses are retrieved by simple crosscorrelation of recordings made by separate receivers: one of the receivers acts as a 'virtual source' whose response is retrieved at the other receivers. When SI is applied to recordings of ambient seismic noise, mostly surface waves are retrieved. The newly retrieved surface wave responses can be used to extract receiver-receiver phase velocities. These phase velocities often serve as input parameters for tomographic inverse problems. Another application of SI exploits the temporal stability of the multiply scattered arrivals of the newly retrieved surface wave responses. Temporal variations in the stability and/or arrival time of these multiply scattered arrivals can often be linked to temporally varying parameters such as hydrocarbon production and precipitation. For all applications, however, the accuracy of the retrieved responses is paramount. Correct response retrieval relies on a uniform illumination of the receivers: irregularities in the illumination pattern degrade the accuracy of the newly retrieved responses. In practice, the illumination pattern is often far from uniform. In that case, simple crosscorrelation of separate receiver recordings only yields an estimate of the actual, correct virtual-source response. Reformulating the theory underlying SI by crosscorrelation as a multidimensional deconvolution (MDD) process, allows this estimate to be improved. SI by MDD corrects for the non-uniform illumination pattern by means of a so-called point-spread function (PSF), which captures the irregularities in the illumination pattern. Deconvolution by this PSF removes the imprint of the irregularities on the responses obtained through simple crosscorrelation. We apply SI by MDD to surface wave data recorded by the Malargüe seismic array in western Argentina. The aperture of the array is approximately 60 km and it is located on a plateau just east of the Andean mountain range. The array has a T-shape: the receivers along one of the two lines act as virtual sources whose responses are recorded by the receivers along the other (perpendicular) line. We select time windows dominated by surface wave noise travelling in a favourable direction, that is, traversing the line of virtual sources before arriving at the receivers at which we aim to retrieve the virtual-source responses. These time windows are selected through a frequency-dependent slowness analysis along the two receiver lines. From the selected time windows, estimates of virtual-source responses are retrieved by means of crosscorrelations. Similarly, crosscorrelations between the positions of the virtual sources are computed to build C The

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Section: Si By Mddmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of seismic interferometry by multidimensional deconvolution to ambient seismic noise recorded in Malargüe, Argentina

Weemstra

Draganov²,

Ruigrok

et al. 2016

Geophys. J. Int.

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“…[4] Some noise cross-correlation studies have examined higher modes using beamforming [Behr et al, 2013;Brooks et al, 2009;Harmon et al, 2007;Kimman et al, 2012] and slant-stack analysis [Behr, 2011]. A recent analysis examined H/V ratios in a geotechnical study of the uppermost few tens of meters, using linear arrays of geophones to record surface waves from noise and suggested that radial components could help to distinguish first-order and higher modes [Boaga et al, 2013] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient noise cross‐correlation observations of fundamental and higher‐mode Rayleigh wave propagation governed by basement resonance

Savage

Lin

Townend

2013

Geophysical Research Letters

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Measurement of basement seismic resonance frequencies can elucidate shallow velocity structure, an important factor in earthquake hazard estimation. Ambient noise cross correlation, which is well‐suited to studying shallow earth structure, is commonly used to analyze fundamental‐mode Rayleigh waves and, increasingly, Love waves. Here we show via multicomponent ambient noise cross correlation that the basement resonance frequency in the Canterbury region of New Zealand can be straightforwardly determined based on the horizontal to vertical amplitude ratio (H/V ratio) of the first higher‐mode Rayleigh waves. At periods of 1–3 s, the first higher‐mode is evident on the radial‐radial cross‐correlation functions but almost absent in the vertical‐vertical cross‐correlation functions, implying longitudinal motion and a high H/V ratio. A one‐dimensional regional velocity model incorporating a ~ 1.5 km‐thick sedimentary layer fits both the observed H/V ratio and Rayleigh wave group velocity. Similar analysis may enable resonance characteristics of other sedimentary basins to be determined.

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“…Finally, the assumption of waves having a single velocity corresponding to one frequency does not hold in a layered Earth: several modes may be observed at one frequency (Aki & Richards 2002;Weemstra et al 2013). In practice, ambient vibrations associated with primary microseisms (0.05-0.1 Hz) are usually dominated by fundamental-mode waves, whereas secondary microseisms (0.1-0.2 Hz) may well contain significant overtone energy (Kimman et al 2012;Menon et al 2014).…”

Section: Discussion a N D C O N C L U S I O Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the estimation of attenuation from the ambient seismic field: inferences from distributions of isotropic point scatterers

Weemstra¹,

Snieder

Boschi

2015

Geophys. J. Int.

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S U M M A R YCross-correlation of ambient seismic noise recorded by two seismic stations may result in an estimate of the Green's function between those two receivers. Several authors have recently attempted to measure attenuation based on these interferometric, receiver-receiver surface waves. By now, however, it is well established that the loss of coherence of the crosscorrelation as a function of space depends strongly on the excitation of the medium. In fact, in a homogeneous dissipative medium, uniform excitation is required to correctly recover attenuation. Applied to fundamental-mode ambient seismic surface waves, this implies that the cross-correlation will decay at the local attenuation rate only if noise sources are distributed uniformly on the Earth's surface. In this study we show that this constraint can be relaxed in case the observed loss of coherence is due to multiple scattering instead of dissipation of energy. We describe the scattering medium as an effective medium whose phase velocity and rate of attenuation are a function of the scatterer density and the average strength of the scatterers. We find that the decay of the cross-correlation in the effective medium coincides with the local attenuation of the effective medium in case the scattering medium is illuminated uniformly from all angles. Consequently, uniform excitation is not a necessary condition for the correct retrieval of scattering attenuation. We exemplify the implications of this finding for studies using the spectrally whitened cross-correlation to infer subsurface attenuation.Key words: Surface waves and free oscillations; Seismic attenuation; Theoretical seismology; Wave scattering and diffraction. I N T RO D U C T I O NIt is now generally accepted that the cross-correlation of recordings made by two receivers is related to (and can in practice be treated as an approximation of) the Green's function at one of these receivers position if there were an impulsive source at the other. The first successful application to the solid Earth is due to Campillo & Paul (2003) who used earthquake coda to obtain empirical Green's functions. Shapiro & Campillo (2004) showed that broad-band Rayleigh waves emerge by simple cross-correlation of continuous recordings of ambient seismic noise. The latter finding holds in media other than the Earth: for example, helioseismology (Duvall et al. 1993), underwater acoustics (Roux & Fink 2003), ultrasonics (Weaver & Lobkis 2001, 2002, engineering (Snieder & Şafak 2006;Kohler et al. 2007) and infrasound (Haney 2009 the Earth's ambient seismic field use ambient seismic surface wave energy: ocean gravity waves, the main source of ambient seismic noise on Earth, excite surface waves much more effectively than other seismic phases. The process of generating new responses by cross-correlation of ambient seismic signal is often referred to as 'passive seismic interferometry'.Recently, several researchers have focused on estimating attenuation based on interferometric measurements of surface waves (Prieto e...

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Characteristics of Seismic Noise: Fundamental and Higher Mode Energy Observed in the Northeast of the Netherlands

Cited by 47 publications

References 51 publications

Application of seismic interferometry by multidimensional deconvolution to ambient seismic noise recorded in Malargüe, Argentina

Application of seismic interferometry by multidimensional deconvolution to ambient seismic noise recorded in Malargüe, Argentina

Ambient noise cross‐correlation observations of fundamental and higher‐mode Rayleigh wave propagation governed by basement resonance

On the estimation of attenuation from the ambient seismic field: inferences from distributions of isotropic point scatterers

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