Characteristics of Specific Automobile Bumpers in Low-Velocity Impacts

Restitution Modeling for Crush Analysis: Theory and Validation

“…Figure 2 shows the residual force-crush model of CRASH side-by-side with the first leg of the dynamic force model of Figure 1. These two models should yield equivalent estimates of the absorbed crush energy [19]. Thus, the absorbed crush energy obtained from the equations of the CRASH model can be equated with Equation 8, the absorbed crush energy obtained from the dynamic force model.…”

“…In Equation (19), the second term is equal to the absorbed energy per unit width from the residual crush model of CRASH and, thus, this term will only be equal to zero in the trivial case when there is no residual crush. Satisfaction of Equation (19), therefore, requires that the first term in parenthesis be equal to zero, yielding the following relationship:…”

“…Equation (13) with max ε = 0.75 and ζ = 0.94 Impact Configuration (Test #4363) Collision Dynamics (Test #4363) ΔV Plot for the Blazer (Test #4363) ΔV Plot for the Accord (Test #4363) Yaw Velocity Plot for the Blazer (Test #4363) Yaw Velocity Plot for the Accord (Test #4363)19 …”

The Effect of Trunk Flexion in Healthy Volunteers in Rear Whiplash-Type Impacts

“…This conclusion has not yet been confirmed by dedicated impact experiments with volunteers or through epidemiological surveys. We do know, however, based mainly on research involving volunteers, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] that if the subject is in a neutral, upright posture the first movement of the body following collision is forward movement of the torso, which places the lower cervical segments in extension and the upper cervical segments in flexion because of the inertia. As viewed from the lateral aspect, this produces an elongated S-shaped curve to the cervical spine rather than simply the lordotic C curve that one would expect with neck extension alone.…”

The Effects of Seated Position on Occupant Kinematics in Low-speed Rear-end Impacts

“…Literature of these tests included work of Severy (1955), 2 exposures; West, et al (1993), 45 exposures to 6 male subjects; McConnell, et al (1993), 9 exposures to 4 male subjects; Siegmund, et al (1994), 37 exposures to one female and four male subjects; Rosenbluth and Hicks (1994), 4 exposures to 2 male subjects; Szabo, et al (1994), 7 exposures to 3 male and 2 female subjects; Bailey, et al (1995), 26 exposures to one female and five male subjects; McConnell, et al (1995), 18 exposures to 8 male subjects; SATAI tests (1995), 11 exposures; STAPP tests (1996), four exposures to 1 male and 1 female subjects; Szabo et al (1996), 10 exposures to 4 male and 1 female subjects; Castro, et al (1997), 17 exposures to 14 male and 5 female subjects; Brault, et al (1998), 81 exposures to 21 male and 21 female subjects; and Anderson, et al (1998), 18 exposures to 1 male subject. Additional unpublished data was reported by Szabo (1996) and Nielson (1996), which includes at least 55 exposures conducted by Baker Engineering, 18 exposures conducted by MacInnis Engineering, 24 exposures by Szabo and Welcher, and 2 exposures by Texas Engineering Extension Services.…”