Characteristics of Successful Alien Plants

Kleunen, Mark van; Dawson, Wayne; Maurel, Noëlie

doi:10.1002/9781119072799.ch3

Cited by 54 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…The exotics ability to use increased resources early and maintain high levels of biomass regardless of the water treatment drove the priority effects in exotic dominated systems. Our results support the idea that exotics, and especially problematic invaders, have wide niche breadth (van Kleunen et al 2015) which allows them to maintain dominance in a wide variety a d e b c Fig. 2 Means ± standard error across the water variability treatment (A low , B High-wet , and C High-dry ) on a seed mix biomass (g) where seed mix biomass is the total biomass from the seed mix seeded 28 days following the priority species, b total biomass (g) where total biomass is the sum of seed mix biomass and priority species biomass, c priority species biomass (g) (controls had no priority species and were not included), d species richness and e Simpson's diversity calculated as (1/ P p i 2 where p i is relative abundance) with a dashed line indicating lower limit of 1. Letters denote significant differences based on Tukey's tests Plant Ecol (2018) 219:429-439 435 of conditions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Over time, rainfall variability led to the development of distinct communities as forb diversity increased, suggesting that rainfall variability plays a role in community assembly. Successful exotics, however, commonly have a wide niche breadth, either due to higher plasticity or generalist life history traits, meaning that increasing environmental variability may have little effect on exotic dominance (van Kleunen et al 2015). This larger niche width may make the strength of priority effects from exotics more resistant to changes in extreme rainfall events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Priority effects are affected by precipitation variability and are stronger in exotic than native grassland species

Goodale

Wilsey

2018

Plant Ecol

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Exotic perennial grassland species often green up earlier than their native counterparts, allowing them to gain an advantage by dominating resources early (priority effects). Precipitation variability is expected to increase with climate change, and may alter the strength of priority effects. We hypothesized that exotics will have stronger priority effects than natives, precipitation variability will impact the strength of priority effects, and precipitation variability will impact the priority effects of native species more than those of exotics. We seeded one of five native or five exotic grassland species from the Central U.S. spanning multiple functional groups 28 days prior to a native seed mix. Priority effect strength was determined by how much establishment and diversity was reduced in the mix compared to controls (no species seeded before mix). We crossed these priority effect treatments with three water variability treatments, one low variability, and two high variability with alternate timing. Exotic species had stronger priority effects than natives, and decreased diversity and establishment from the seed mix. High variability precipitation when the growing season began dry significantly increased priority effects compared to low variability and high variability beginning wet. We found no significant evidence for a more pronounced impact of precipitation on native species, but trends suggest future studies may reveal significant interactions. Although future research in the field over multiple growing seasons is needed, our results suggest priority effects of exotics in Central U.S. grasslands are independent of precipitation timing and therefore likely to persist under changing climates.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Priority effects are affected by precipitation variability and are stronger in exotic than native grassland species

Goodale

Wilsey

2018

Plant Ecol

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“…However, here we found no differences in survival percentage and aboveground biomass between the invasive and non-invasive introduced species. This suggests that the importance of many traits and other potential drivers for invasion success may be context dependent (Kueffer et al 2013;van Kleunen et al 2015), and that we need more studies that explicitly address this context dependency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Successful plant invasions depend, at least partly, on interactions between the introduced species and the native resident community (Inderjit and del Moral 1997;Verhoeven et al 2009;Pearse et al 2013;Qin et al 2013;van Kleunen et al 2015). In other words, invasion is determined by characteristics of the introduced species (driving their invasiveness) and by characteristics of the native recipient community (driving its invasibility; Richardson and Pysek 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allelopathy of a native grassland community as a potential mechanism of resistance against invasion by introduced plants

Lei

Kleunen

2016

Biol Invasions

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Successful plant invasions depend, at least partly, on interactions between introduced plants and native plant communities. While allelopathic effects of introduced invaders on native resident species have received much attention, the reverse, i.e. allelopathic effects of native residents on introduced plants, have been largely neglected. Therefore, we tested whether allelopathy of native plant communities decreases their invasibility to introduced plant species. In addition, we tested among the introduced species whether the invasive ones are more tolerant to allelopathy of native plant communities than the non-invasive ones. To test these hypotheses, we grew nine pairs of related (congeneric or confamilial) invasive and non-invasive introduced plant species (i.e. 18 species) in the presence or absence of a native grassland community, which consisted of three common forbs and three common grasses, with or without activated carbon in the soil. Activated carbon reduced the survival percentage and growth of introduced plants in the absence of the native plant community. However, its net effect on the introduced plants was neutral or even slightly positive in the presence of the native community. This might suggest that the native plant community imposed allelopathic effects on the introduced plants, and that these effects were neutralized or reduced by activated carbon. The invasive and non-invasive introduced plants, however, did not differ in their tolerance to such allelopathic effects of the native plant community. Thus, although allelopathy of native plant communities might increase their resistance against introduced plants, there was no evidence that tolerance to allelopathy of native plant communities contributes to the degree of invasiveness of introduced plants.

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“…The low numbers of publications testing the other invasion hypotheses may reflect the relatively young age of those hypotheses. The dominance of Inherent Traits stems from many functional trait comparisons of native and non-native plants (van Kleunen et al 2010(van Kleunen et al , 2014. Studies of allelopathy were especially common for particular invasive forest herb species (e.g., A. petiolata, M. micrantha).…”

Section: Biogeographic Patterns In Understory Herbaceous Invasionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbaceous invaders in temperate forests: a systematic review of their ecology and proposed mechanisms of invasion

et al. 2017

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We present a systematic literature review of exotic understory forest herbaceous invasions with a focus on the forests of East Asia (EAS) and Eastern North America (ENA), two dominant regions of the north temperate deciduous forest biome. We examined the biogeographic origins of herbaceous invaders in EAS and ENA forests, summarized their life histories and ecology, and compiled the relevant literature on the 10 leading mechanistic hypotheses proposed for these invasions. We asked whether invasions of EAS and ENA forests by herbs are shared between regions, and whether a common suite of ecological traits unite these invaders into a functionally distinct group. In a focused summary of the empirical literature, we investigated if leading hypothesized mechanisms for biological invasions at large are also invoked and supported for this ecologically important, but relatively understudied, group of species. In contrast to ENA, forest invaders in EAS are overwhelmingly herbaceous (78% of forest invasions vs. 34% for ENA) and originate from different regions. Plant families represented and species traits between regions differed. Within a single species, multiple invasion mechanisms were often supported, highlighting the need for future research that simultaneously investigates multiple mechanistic hypotheses. Further, because results for a single invader often differed across space and time, a shift in focus to incorporate the complex dynamics across temporal and spatial scales with the consideration of spatial heterogeneity and the interplays among natural and anthropogenic factors to study exotic invasions is needed.

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Characteristics of Successful Alien Plants

Cited by 54 publications

References 89 publications

Priority effects are affected by precipitation variability and are stronger in exotic than native grassland species

Priority effects are affected by precipitation variability and are stronger in exotic than native grassland species

Allelopathy of a native grassland community as a potential mechanism of resistance against invasion by introduced plants

Herbaceous invaders in temperate forests: a systematic review of their ecology and proposed mechanisms of invasion

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