Characteristics of the Line of Blumensaat:<i>An Experimental Analysis</i>

Jacobsen, Klaus; Bertheussen, K.; Gjerløff, Christian C.

doi:10.3109/17453677408989687

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Our results showed that the patella showed four millimetres proximal translation relative to the tibia below 20°knee flexion, which is consistent with a previous in vivo study by Jacobsen et al [28] and a report on elongation of the patellar tendon during a single-leg lunge [29]. Defrate et al [29] demonstrated that the length of the patellar tendon increased sharply as the knee flexed from full extension to 30°of flexion, then remained relatively constant until 110°of flexion.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…This is the first report showing that the inferior point of the patella showed three millimetres proximal translation relative to the tibia beyond 140°k nee flexion. The activation of the quadriceps muscles, which are required to resist a flexion moment, might extend the tension and length of the patellar tendon and cause this proximal patellar translation near extension [28] and very deep flexion. The patella moved from anterior to posterior relative to the tibia during dynamic weight-bearing flexion, in large part because the patella tracks with the femur with flexion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiological sagittal plane patellar kinematics during dynamic deep knee flexion

Hamai

Dunbar

Morooka

et al. 2013

International Orthopaedics (SICOT)

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Purpose Lateral radiographic views can be easily taken and have reveal considerable information about the patella. The purpose of this study was to obtain sagittal plane patellar kinematics data through the entire range of knee flexion under weight-bearing conditions. Methods Patellar flexion angles relative to the femur and tibia and anterior-posterior and proximal-distal translations of the patella relative to the femur and tibia were measured from 0 to 165°knee flexion in nine healthy knees using dynamic radiographic images. Results The patella flexed relative to the femur and tibia by two thirds times and one third times the knee flexion angle, respectively. The patella translated in an arc relative to the femur and tibia as the knee flexed. In early flexion, the superior and centroid points translated anteriorly and then the patella translated posteriorly relative to the femur. All three points of the patella translated posteriorly relative to the tibia during a full range of flexion. An average of four and three millimetres proximal patellar translation relative to the tibia was demonstrated from 0 to 20°and 140 to 160°knee flexion, respectively.Conclusions Physiological sagittal plane patellar kinematics, including patellar flexion angles and translations relative to the femur and tibia, showed generally similar patterns for each subject. Measurements of dynamic radiographic images under weight-bearing activities may enhance the opportunity to identify patellar pathological conditions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological sagittal plane patellar kinematics during dynamic deep knee flexion

Hamai

Dunbar

Morooka

et al. 2013

International Orthopaedics (SICOT)

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“…Coronal ACL-tibial angle is the angle between the most medial margin of the long axis of ACL and a line between the medial and lateral condyle of tibia (6). Blumensaat line-ACL angle is the angle between the Blumensaat line and the most anterior margin of ACL on sagittal view (8,9 the intercondylar roof is between a line drawn along the intercondylar roof and long axis of femur on a midline sagittal image (8). Sagittal ACL tibial angle and Blumensaat line-ACL angle were measured using the technique described by Gentili and coworkers (6).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometry and magnetic resonance imaging of anterior cruciate ligament and measurement of secondary signs of anterior cruciate ligament tear

Saxena¹,

Ray²,

Rajagopal³

et al. 2012

BLL

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Abstract:Injuries or over-stretching of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) may lead to its malfunctioning. ACL tear, partial or complete, canto the result of contact or non-contact injuries. To conduct morphometry of ACL, twenty six knees (14 right and 12 left) were examined in 21 male and 5 female formalin fi xed cadavers. Measurement of tibial foot print of ACL, distance of its anterior edge from the anterior margin of tibia, length and width of ACL were determined with the help of digital caliper. Indirect signs of ACL tear (sagittal ACL-tibial angle, coronal ACL -tibial angle, Blumensaat line -ACL angle and angle of inclination of the intercondylar roof) complement the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis of ACL injury. We also studied the consequences of meniscal and posterior cruciate ligament injuries on above mentioned angles. In addition 84 MRI images of knees of patients aged between 18 -74 years were evaluated for diagnosis of any disruption in the morphology of ACL. In our study, mean length of the tibial foot print of ACL was 18.34 ± 3.49 mm, mean width of tibial foot print was 15.26 ± 2.01, mean distance from the anterior edge of tibia to anterior margin of attachment of ACL was 13.11 ± 2.34, length and width of ACL were 32.5 ± 4.33 mm and 9.38 ± 1.58 mm, respectively. The present study will be useful for enhancing the knowledge of anatomy of ACL and may act as a valuable guide for radiologists in evaluating the injury to knee involving ACL, menisci and PCL (Tab. 5, Fig. 9, Ref. 17 Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is attached to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia partly blending with the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus. It ascends posterolaterally, twisting on itself and fans out to get attached to the posteromedial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle (1). The ACL consists of two bundles, anteromedial and posterolateral, named according to their insertion site on the tibial plateau (2).The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is attached to the lateral surface of medial femoral condyle and extends up to the anterior part of the roof of the intercondylar notch. It is attached to the posterior intercondylar area of tibia and posterior horn of lateral meniscus. The menisci are crescentic laminae deepening the articulating tibial surface that receives the femur (1). The susceptibility of ACL to injury leads to alteration in the kinetics and kinematics of knee joint (3). ACL tear is the result of combination of external rotation and abduction forces, complete knee joint dislocation and direct posterior violence (4). About 70 % of ACL tears are caused by non contact sports related injuries during pivoting, decelerating and jumping activities (5).Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) corroborates the diagnosis of any disruption in the morphology of ACL. In most of the cases, diagnosis of torn ACL is mainly assessed on sagittal images. Primary signs of ACL tear include wavy contour, lack of continuity and focal or diffuse high signal intensity within the substance of the ligament on T2-we...

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“…Blumensaat's line is identified as a condensed linear shadow on a lateral radiograph that represents tangential bone in the intercondylar fossa. 23 The location and appearance of Blumensaat's line is extremely sensitive to changes in knee position and has been used in the past to provide information about the relative position of the patella in lateral projections. 24 Elevation of the distal pole of the patella above this line with the knee flexed 30 • has been used as an indicator of patella alta.…”

Section: General Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%