Characteristics of the Ocular Surface in Myopic Child Candidates of Orthokeratology Lens Wear

Abstract

Introduction The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of objective ocular surface parameters using non-invasive objective instruments in children with myopia who are candidates for orthokeratology lens wear. Methods Children with myopia who are candidates for orthokeratology lens wear were retrospectively investigated. The subjects were divided into three age groups. The Keratograph 5M and LipiView interferometry were used to assess non-invasive tear meniscus height (TMH), non-invasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT), conjunctival hyperemia redness score (RS), meibomian gland loss (MGL) score, lipid layer thickness (LLT), and blink pattern analysis, including the number of partial blinks (PB) and total blinks (TB), as well as the partial blink rate (PBR). Results A total of 1119 children with myopia (2070 eyes) aged 7–18 years were selected. The mean TMH, NIBUT, and LLT of the subjects was 0.21 mm, 12.45 s, and 65.28 nm, respectively. The mean RS and upper and lower MGL scores were 0.64, 1.00, and 1.06, respectively. The mean PB, TB, and PBR was 5.13, 6.46, and 0.81, respectively. Age was significantly correlated to all ocular surface parameters ( p = 0.00), except for PB. NIBUT and LLT did not differ between male participants and female participants (all p > 0.05). TMH, RS, and upper and lower MGL were significantly higher in male participants than in female participants (all p < 0.01). In addition, NIBUT was positively associated with TMH ( r = 0.13, p = 0.00) and LLT ( r = 0.28, p = 0.00). Both upper and lower MGL were positively correlated with TMH, PB, and TB (all p = 0.00), whereas upper MGL was negatively correlated with NIBUT and LLT (all p < 0.05). TB was negatively correlated with NIBUT and LLT (all p = 0.00). PB had no relation with TMH, NIBUT, and LLT (all p > 0.05). In addition, PBR was positively correlated with NIBUT and LLT (all p = 0.00) but not with TMH, RS, or MGL (all p > 0.05). Overall, 57.00% had a TMH ≤ 0.2 mm, 43.20% had a NIBUT ≤ 10 s, 48.10% had an LLT ≤ 60 nm, and 88.10% had a PBR > 0.4. Conclusions Child orthokeratology candidates have enhanced tear secretion and increased meibomian gland deficiency with aging. In addition, the adult dry eye diagnostic criteria may apply to orthokeratology candidates aged 12–18 years but should be lower for younger candidates. Given the proportion of abnormal risk, it is necessary to assess tear film status and blink pattern by reliable and feasible objective examination before fitting orthokeratology.

Correlation of meibomian gland architecture and indicators of dry eye disease, BMI, weight and age in pediatric population of China

“…A striking feature in looking across these publications is that the prevalence of MGD appears to be higher in reports arising from Asian populations [1,2]. Several risk factors for MGD have been identi ed, including dyslipidemia, older age, low humidity environment, androgen depletion, systemic medication and orthokeratology lens wear [3][4][5][6]. As the popularization of electronic products, the incidence of MGD and DED are increasing, and the age distribution is even showing a trend of younger people [7,8].…”