Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds during Different Pollution Periods in Winter in Yuncheng, a Typical City in North China

Abstract

The composition characteristics and health risks of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their effects on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) during polluted and clean periods in winter 2018 for Yuncheng, a typical city in North China, were studied. The average concentration of VOCs was 2.3 times higher during the polluted period (105.29 µg m -3 ) than the clean period (45.78 µg m -3 ), whereas the average concentrations of the alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics were 3.4, 2.1, and 3.9 times higher, respectively, during the polluted period than the clean period. In addition, the VOC concentration was significantly influenced by meteorological conditions. Using positive matrix factorization (PMF), seven sources of atmospheric VOCs were identified, with the largest factors being vehicle emission (27.89%), coal combustion (23.37%), liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas evaporation (18.30%), and industrial emission (15.51%). Vehicle emission (30.04%) was the primary contributor during the polluted period, whereas coal combustion (33.53%) was the primary contributor during the clean period. The SOA formation potential (which almost exceeded 80%) was influenced by industrial emission (28.80%), solvent usage (26.30%), and vehicle emission (24.85%). Additionally, an assessment of the health risks of six aromatics based on the health risk exposure model of the United States Environmental Protection Agency revealed that the non-cancer risk was higher during the polluted period (6.61 × 10 -2 ) than the clean period (2.20 × 10 -2 ) but still below the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limit (1.00) and therefore negligible for the exposed population. However, the carcinogenic index of benzene (2.85 × 10 -5 to 5 × 10 -5 ) exceeded 10 -6 , suggesting a higher carcinogenic risk. Large-scale energy restructuring during recent years has sharply reduced coal combustion, but the VOC concentration has dramatically increased due to vehicle emission. Hence, regulating vehicle emissions is an effective strategy for controlling VOCs in Yuncheng.

Smog Chamber Study on the Role of NOxin SOA and O3Formation from Aromatic Hydrocarbons

“…As revealed in the present study, reducing NO x can result in the simultaneous reduction of O 3 and SOA formation at the higher VOC concentration, which can basically reflect the level of pollutants during polluted periods in China from the perspective of total OH reactivity. 61,62 Under lower VOC concentration conditions, the O 3 concentration showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with further reduction of the NO x concentration. These were related to the change of OH concentration and volatility distribution of gas-phase oxidation products with NO x .…”

Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from Consumer Products

“…Therefore, the exposure of humans to toxins in an indoor environment is of concern. Most studies determine the VOC emissions from industrial processes and facilities (Chen et al, 2020;Lu et al, 2020;Li et al, 2021) and their effect on ambient air quality (Gao et al, 2020;Guan et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2020;Wu et al, 2021) and the increase in risk to human health but consumer products that are used indoors have a more direct effect on the human inhalation (Even et al, 2020;Moxon et al, 2020;Palmisani et al, 2020). Consumer products contain biogenic VOCs and their emission can be the precursor to the emission of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (Martinsson et al, 2020;Ahn et al, 2021).…”