Characteristics of Vowel Formants, Vowel Space, and Speech Intelligibility Produced
 by Children Aged 3-6 Years

심화영,; 최철희,; 최성희,

doi:10.21848/asr.2016.12.4.260

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Regarding linguistic attributes of speech sounds, F0 and the lowest two formants (i.e., F1 and F2) are considered the most important acoustic features for linguistic categories and structures, especially for sonorant sounds such as vowels. For example, F0 plays a role in conveying prosodic prominence and phrasing [ 11 , 12 ], and the lowest two formants are acoustic cues for vowel types [ 13 , 14 ]. Although F0, F1, and F2 are among the most important acoustic features in shaping linguistic categories and structures, researchers have reported that at least for children speaking American English [ 15 , 16 ], F0 and the two formants are developed differently based on gender.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the length of the vocal tract of boys is longer than that of girls, the vowel space based on F1 and F2 will be smaller for boys than girls [ 15 , 20 ]. The study by [ 14 ] cast doubts on the role of formants in gender discrimination. Their study measured vowel formants (F1 and F2) and vowel space among 3- to 6-year-old Korean children residing on Jeju Island.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the expectation that the vowel space for girls would be larger than for boys, Ref. [ 14 ] reported that no differences of vowel space emerged due to gender ( p > 0.05). Thus, it is worth examining whether formants play a role in distinguishing the speech characteristics of boys from those of girls in standard Korean.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adults’ Perception of Children’s Vowel Production

Yoon

2022

Children

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The study examined the link between Korean-speaking children’s vowel production and its perception by inexperienced adults and also observed whether ongoing vowel changes in mid-back vowels affect adults’ perceptions when the vowels are produced by children. This study analyzed vowels in monosyllabic words produced by 20 children, ranging from 2 to 6 years old, with a focus on gender distinction, and used them as perceptual stimuli for word perception by 20 inexperienced adult listeners. Acoustic analyses indicated that F0 was not a reliable cue for distinguishing gender, but the first two formants served as reliable cues for gender distinction. The results confirmed that the spacing of the two low formants is linguistically and para-linguistically important in identifying vowel types and gender. However, a pair of non-low back vowels caused difficulties in correct vowel identification. Proximal distance between the vowels could be interpreted to result in the highest mismatch between children’s production and adults’ perception of the two non-low back vowels in the Korean language. We attribute the source of the highest mismatch of the two non-low back vowels to the ongoing sound change observed in high and mid-back vowels in adult speech. The ongoing vowel change is also observed in the children’s vowel space, which may well be shaped after the caregivers whose non-low back vowels are close to each other.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adults’ Perception of Children’s Vowel Production

Yoon

2022

Children

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“…이미 여러 선행연구에서 음향 분석이 말소리를 객관적으로 수 치화하고, 수치화된 말소리 특성이 음성의 병리적 진단과 치료 효과 판정에 사용될 수 있다고 설명한다 (Lee, 2017;Jin, 2004). Song & Seong(2018), Sim et al(2016) (Sapir et al, 2010). 따 라서 모음을 객관적 수치로 설명하기 위해 방법론적으로 타당 한 명시적인 포먼트 분석 방법을 제시할 필요가 있다.…”

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“…(Bae, 2003) 아 최대 포먼트 5,000.0 5,000.0 4,300.0(800.0) 4,365.0(823.3) 5,500.0 5,500.0 5,350.0(975.0) 5,359.0(1,285.0) 포먼트 개수 5.0 5.5(0.6) 5.5(0.625) 5.5(0.8) 5.0 4.5(1.0) 5.0(1.1) 5.0(1.1) 에 최대 포먼트 5,000.0 5,000.0 4,950.0(1,275.0) 4,695.5(1,057.8) 5,500.0 5,500.0 5,450.0(1,125.0) 5,763.5(1,211.5) 포먼트 개수 5.0 5.0(1.0) 5.3(1.0) 5.0(1.0) 5.0 4.5(0.5) 4.5(1.5) 4.8(1.1) 이 최대 포먼트 5,000.0 5,000.0 4,450.0(875.0) 4,494.0(840.5) 5,500.0 5,500.0 5,400.0(1,025.0) 5,438.0(1,320.3) 포먼트 개수 5.0 5.0(1.0) 4.5(0.3) 4.5(0.5) 5.0 4.5(1.0) 4.5(1.0) 4.5(0.8) 오 최대 포먼트 5,000.0 5,000.0 4,250.0(650.0) 4,365.0(581.8) 5,500.0 5,500.0 4,400.0(625.0) 4,983.5(610.5) 포먼트 개수 5.0 5.3(0.5) 5.5(1.1) 5.5(1.1) 5.0 5.5(1.0) 5.5(1.5) 5.5(1.0) 우 최대 포먼트 5,000.0 5,000.0 4,050.0(800.0) 4,302.5(870.0) 5,500.0 5,500.0 4,400.0(925.0) 4,911.0(610.5) 포먼트 개수 5.0 5.5(0.6) 5.5(1.0) 5.8(1.0) 5.0 5.3(1.0) 5.5(1.0) 5.8(1.0) 으 최대 포먼트 5,000.0 5,000.0 4,150.0(325.0) 4,118.0(397.3) 5,500.0 5,500.0 5,250.0(1,100.0) 5,130.5(1,047.0) 포먼트 개수 5.0 5.5(0.5) 5.5(1.0) 5.5(0.6) 5.0 5.0(1.0) 5.0(1.0) 5.3(1.0) 어 최대 포먼트 5,000.0 5,000.0 4,350.0(1,000.0) 4,365.0(1,112.0) 5,500.0 5,500.0 5,150.0(1,250.0) 4,983.5(958.0) 포먼트 개수 5.0 5.5(0.6) 5.5(1.0) 5.5(1.0) 5.0 5.0(0.5) 5.0(1.1) 5.0(1.5) 표 3. 스크립트에 따른 모음별 포먼트 세팅 결과에 대한 기술통계_중앙값(IQR) (Park, 2008;Song & Seong, 2018;Sim et al, 2016 (Kim & Seong, 2016;Kim, 2015;Yang, 2019…”

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The implementation of Korean adult’s optimal formant setting by Praat scripting*

Park¹,

Seong²

2019

Phonetics Speech Sci.

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An automated Praat script was implemented to measure optimal formant frequencies for adults. Optimal formant analysis could be interpreted to show that the deviation of formant frequency that resulted from the two variously combined setting parameters (maximum formant and number of formants) was minimal. To increase the reliability of formant analysis, LPC order should be set differently, based on the gender or vowel type. Praat recommends 5,000 Hz and 5,500 Hz as maximum formant settings and, at the same time, recommends 5 as the number of formants for males and females. However, verification is needed to determine whether these recommended settings are valid for Korean vowels. Statistical analysis showed that formant frequencies significantly varied across the adapted scripts, especially with respect to the data on females. Formant plots and statistical results showed that linear_script and qtone_script are much more reliable in formant measurements. Among four kinds of scripts, the linear and qtone_scripts proved to be more stable and reliable. While the linear_script was designed to have a linearly increased formant step in for-loop, the increment of formant step in the qtone_script was arranged by quarter tone scale (base frequency×common ratio (   )). When looking at the tendency of the formant setting drawn by the two referred algorithms in the context of front vowel [i, e], the maximum formant was set higher; and the number of formants set at a lower value than recommended by Praat. The back vowel [o, u], on the contrary, has a lower maximum formant and a higher number of formants than the standard setting.

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