Characteristics of warning labels for drug containers and their effects on perceived hazardousness

Chen, Chun-Fu; Liu, Tao; Huang, Kuo‐Chen

doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.04.020

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…When compared to 'safety alert' and 'cracked skull with crutches', the symbol 'skull with crossbones' received significantly higher hazard ratings. These findings are consistent with previous research on symbol perception by various scholars [20,27,33,45]. This suggests that the symbol used can influence hazard perception, with 'skull with crossbones' effectively conveying a higher level of danger.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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Exploring Perception of Warning Labels: Insights from Color, Signal Words, and Symbol Evaluation

Gopang,

Ali,

Shaikh

2024

Safety

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Protecting people from the risks associated with products is a critical concern in today’s economy. Pakistan, being the world’s fifth most populous country, lacks the framework of warning labels and therefore faces a significant gap in product warning labels. Pakistan is a representative of a number of countries that export a variety of products to Pakistan; however, warning labels on these goods are typically in English, which might mislead people of Pakistan in perceiving the hazard level. It is therefore imperative to conduct research into the non-textual and cross-cultural understanding of labels from the perspective of Pakistan. This study examined the applicability of ANSI Z535.4 in the context of Pakistan. A total of 66 (34 male and 32 female) undergraduate students with a mean age of 20.5 participated in this study. A meticulous experiment was designed using a nine-point rating scale with anchors on both sides, where one represented ‘not at all hazardous’ and nine represented ‘extremely hazardous’. Participants rated each component of warning labels, i.e., color, symbol, signal words, and their complex configurations. The results showed alignment with the ANSI Z535.4 standards for some components (i.e., colors, symbols, and signal words) and complex configurations, whereas no significant difference was found in perceived hazard levels between green (M = 3.167), blue (M = 3.591, and yellow (M = 3.652) colors, with a p-value greater than 0.05. Participants did not differentiate significantly between signal words, i.e., caution (M = 5.182) and warning (M = 5.879). Participants also did not differentiate significantly between complex configurations, i.e., safety alert–caution–yellow (M = 5.076) and safety alert–warning–orange (M = 5.197), with p-values greater than 0.05. These results state that discrepancies in the perception of warning labels exist. This study is the first of its kind conducted in the context of Pakistan, which will help policy makers to consider the findings before implementing a policy. In fact, differences in perception could result in failure to take appropriate precautions. Nonetheless, these nuances can be overcome with proper awareness through training for the people.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In this study, the red color was perceived as the most hazardous color of all. A similar effect of familiarity was observed with familiar frames in the study in [45], where participants perceived the triangle shape as more hazardous than the less familiar octagon shape.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Exploring Perception of Warning Labels: Insights from Color, Signal Words, and Symbol Evaluation

Gopang,

Ali,

Shaikh

2024

Safety

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“…It is critical to recognize that it is nearly impossible to completely eliminate all potential hazards. As a result, any hazard with the potential to cause harm requires a clear warning, as Chen et al (2015) highlighted. Product warning labels play an important role in encouraging safe behavior and lowering the risk of injuries and health problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Hazard Level Perception of Colors: A Comparative Study with ANSI Recommendations

Ali Gopang,

Hussain Ali,

Ahmed Shaikh

2023

Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management

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Every year, a significant number of people are injured while using products in their homes or as a result of their misuse, emphasizing the importance of risk communication. The purpose of this study is to assess the consistency of color perception and hazard rating among male and female participants in Pakistan with American National Standards Institute (ANSI) recommendations. Undergraduate students from various academic backgrounds participated in the study.The findings show that color perception and hazard rating differed between male and female participants. Participants showed significant mean differences when comparing colors, with some colors rated as more dangerous than others. Surprisingly, the perceived hazard ratings generally matched ANSI recommendations. However, there were some inconsistencies, especially in the differentiation of certain colors. Notably, neither male nor female participants distinguished significantly among "Blue", "Green", and "Yellow." Females did not distinguish significantly between "Blue vs. Orange." Males, on the other hand, did not perceive "Green and Orange" as significantly different. In addition, they (males) did not significantly distinguish between "Yellow and Orange", and similarly they did not perceive a significant difference between "Red and Black." Both (male and female) participants perceived Red as the most hazardous. However, Female participants provided lower scores as compared to male participants. These findings offer valuable insights into the complexities of color perception and its implications for warning label design. These results underscore the need for further research to better understand the relationship between color perception, cultural influences, and hazard communication, particularly in the context of product safety.

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Dissuasive cigarettes: which cues are the most effective at deterring young people from smoking?

2019

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Characteristics of warning labels for drug containers and their effects on perceived hazardousness

Cited by 7 publications

References 39 publications

Exploring Perception of Warning Labels: Insights from Color, Signal Words, and Symbol Evaluation

Exploring Perception of Warning Labels: Insights from Color, Signal Words, and Symbol Evaluation

Assessing Hazard Level Perception of Colors: A Comparative Study with ANSI Recommendations

Dissuasive cigarettes: which cues are the most effective at deterring young people from smoking?

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