Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using the Ethanolic Extract of Pelargonium sidoides DC

Abstract

Development of cost-effective and eco-friendly methods of nanoparticle synthesis could play a crucial role in integrating nanotechnology and phytomedicine for biological applications. In this study, biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using the ethanolic extract of Pelargonium sidoides DC at 60°C. Formation of nanoparticles was monitored using UV-Visible spectroscopy at different time intervals. A maximum absorption at 456 nm was observed as the reaction time increased, resulting in a red shift of the surface plasmon band (SPB). Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the reducing and stabilizing activity of flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, and phenols. Size and morphology of the AgNPs were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) which indicated the spherical nature of the nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 11 to 90 nm. Further characterization of the AgNPs was carried out using EDS, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Additionally, the AgNPs had a marginally higher antimicrobial activity when compared to the plant extract against Gram-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 27336) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10876) and Gram-negative Moraxella catarrhalis (ATCC 25240), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853).

Synergistic broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of Hypoxis hemerocallidea-derived silver nanoparticles and streptomycin against respiratory pathobionts

“…The XRD profile indicates that our materials crystallize in a monoclinic phase, and this spectrum is in line with those reported for other organic-silver nanoparticles prepared from other botanical extracts 42 – 44 . This confirms the formation of silver nanocrystals as the metallic core of the nanoparticles 24 .

Figure 4 XRD pattern of green synthesized AgNPs using HH.

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“…The reaction mixture immediately changed to a dark brown colour, indicative of the formation of the AgNPs. The process was carried out at ambient room temperature open to the atmosphere, and progress was monitored by measuring the UV–Vis spectrum of the reactant mixture at hourly intervals over 4 h according to our previously reported procedure 24 . With no further changes being observed between 3 and 4 h, the particles were purified by dialysis (against water, cut-off of 3.5 kDa), then dried by lyophilization and stored until resuspended when needed.…”

“…For the DLS measurements, powder AgNPs were resuspended in distilled water and sonicated for 15–20 min to properly disperse the particles in water. Zeta potential, and hydrodynamic diameter values were obtained from the triplicate analysis of the nanoparticles in the aqueous media 24 . Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was performed using a Bruker GC–TOF–MS Gas Chromatography coupled with a 5973 Mass selective detector.…”

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from the Opuntia ficus-indica Fruit and Its Activity against Treated Wastewater Microorganisms

“…The advantages of this technique are the following: (a) the reduction of costs during synthesis, (b) processes are simpler, and (c) the resulting product is compatible for pharmaceutical applications and for biomedical use [10,11,14]. Some of the plants that have been reported for green synthesis are Azadirachta indica [15], Boerhaavia diffusa [16], Malva parviflora [17], Olea chrysophylla, Lavandula dentata [18], Pelargonium beenides [19], among others.…”

Bioreduction and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

“…Natural reducing used on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles such as, Terminalia arjuna bark extract [20], Triticum aestivum [21], aqueous extract of P. peruviana [22], herbal plant of Solanum trilobatum [23], Euphorbia amygdaloides [10], Citrullus lanatus fruit rind extract [24], Honey [25], Annona muricata [26], Fenugreek seed extract [27], Murraya koeniigi L [28], Orange peel extract [29], Sugar [30], Trigonella foenumgraecum [31], Impatiens balsamina and Lantana camara [7], Pelargonium sidoides DC [32], Aspergillus fumigatus [33], Moringa oleifera oil [34], Rumex hymenosepalus [35], Crinum latifolium [36] Chlorophytum borivilianum L [37], and Ligustrum lucidum leaves [38], successfully used as a medium in the formation of silver nanoparticles.…”