Characterization and biosynthesis of non-degradable polymers in plant cuticles

Villena, José F.; Domínguez, Ernesto Redondo; Stewart, Derek; Heredia, Antonio

doi:10.1007/s004250050548

Cited by 108 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Nannochloropsis algaenans appear to be much the same biopolymer as the cutan found in drought-resistant land plants, such as Agave and Clivia (45,113,(116)(117)(118). Isolation of cutan from plant cuticular material is performed in much the same way as classical algaenan isolation, namely, through solvent extraction and the application of strong reducing/oxidizing reagents to remove carbohydrates, proteins, and free and ester-bound lipids (45,(116)(117)(118)(119).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Isolation of cutan from plant cuticular material is performed in much the same way as classical algaenan isolation, namely, through solvent extraction and the application of strong reducing/oxidizing reagents to remove carbohydrates, proteins, and free and ester-bound lipids (45,(116)(117)(118)(119). As with the characterization of algaenan, structural determi-nations of cutan are uncertain because of study-to-study variation in isolation procedures and the potential for artifact generation introduced by aggressive isolation approaches (45,118,120). However, it appears that this material comprises long-chain (ϳC 30 ) alkanes and alkenes joined by ether linkages and is, thus, at least an analogue of Nannochloropsis algaenan (45,121).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Radiolabeled linoleic acid (C 18:2 ) fed to Clivia miniata is incorporated into the aliphatic residue (i.e., cutan-rich material) of its leaves (118). Intriguingly, Nannochloropsis produces C 18:1 , C 18:2 , and C 18:3 fatty acids, predominantly C 18:1 , and its algaenan contains long-chain aliphatics with substitutions at the 18 position (9,41,122).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrastructure and Composition of the Nannochloropsis gaditana Cell Wall

et al. 2014

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e Marine algae of the genus Nannochloropsis are promising producers of biofuel precursors and nutraceuticals and are also harvested commercially for aquaculture feed. We have used quick-freeze, deep-etch electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and carbohydrate analyses to characterize the architecture of the Nannochloropsis gaditana (strain CCMP 526) cell wall, whose recalcitrance presents a significant barrier to biocommodity extraction. The data indicate a bilayer structure consisting of a cellulosic inner wall (ϳ75% of the mass balance) protected by an outer hydrophobic algaenan layer. Cellulase treatment of walls purified after cell lysis generates highly enriched algaenan preparations without using the harsh chemical treatments typically used in algaenan isolation and characterization. Nannochloropsis algaenan was determined to comprise long, straight-chain, saturated aliphatics with ether cross-links, which closely resembles the cutan of vascular plants. Chemical identification of >85% of the isolated cell wall mass is detailed, and genome analysis is used to identify candidate biosynthetic enzymes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrastructure and Composition of the Nannochloropsis gaditana Cell Wall

et al. 2014

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“…This non-ester fraction contains a network of aliphatic compounds linked by ether bonds in which linolenic acid is preferentially incorporated (Villena et al, 1999). If this fraction should still be called cutin or should Cutinase-expressing Columbia, Col-0/gl1.…”

Section: Analysis Of the Composition Of Cutinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biopolymers Cutin and Suberin

Nawrath

2002

The Arabidopsis Book

112

116

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The aerial surfaces of vascular plants are covered with a continuous extracellular layer called the cuticle that overlays the cell wall of epidermal cells. The major structural component of the cuticle is cutin, a biopolyester mainly composed of interesterified hydroxy, and epoxy-hydroxy fatty acids with a chain length of 16 or/and 18 carbons (C 16 and C 18 class). Cutin is embedded and over-layered by intracuticular and epicuticular waxes, complex mixtures of hydrophobic material containing very long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives (chapter on waxes). The combination of cutin, waxes and possibly polysaccharides, forms the cuticle (Jeffree, 1996).

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“…x-Hydroxyacids with additional hydroxyl and epoxy groups in secondary positions, mostly mid-chain, are the major products determined after hydrolytic depolymerization. The non-hydrolysable fraction of the cuticular membrane, named cutan (Jeffree, 1996), is poorly understood in its structure and chemical composition (Villena et al, 1999;Heredia, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apoplastic polyesters in Arabidopsis surface tissues – A typical suberin and a particular cutin

et al. 2005

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Cutinized and suberized cell walls form physiological important plant-environment interfaces as they act as barriers limiting water and nutrient loss and protect from radiation and invasion by pathogens. Due to the lack of protocols for the isolation and analysis of cutin and suberin in Arabidopsis, the model plant for molecular biology, mutants and transgenic plants with a defined altered cutin or suberin composition are unavailable, causing that structure and function of these apoplastic barriers are still poorly understood. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that Arabidopsis leaf cuticle thickness ranges from only 22 nm in leaf blades to 45 nm on petioles, causing the difficulty in cuticular membrane isolation. We report the use of polysaccharide hydrolases to isolate Arabidopsis cuticular membranes, suitable for depolymerization and subsequent compositional analysis. Although cutin characteristic xhydroxy acids (7%) and mid-chain hydroxylated fatty acids (8%) were detected, the discovery of a,x-diacids (40%) and 2-hydroxy acids (14%) as major depolymerization products reveals a so far novel monomer composition in Arabidopsis cutin, but with chemical analogy to root suberin. Histochemical and TEM analysis revealed that suberin depositions were localized to the cell walls in the endodermis of primary roots and the periderm of mature roots of Arabidopsis. Enzyme digested and solvent extracted root cell walls when subjected to suberin depolymerization conditions released x-hydroxy acids (43%) and a,x-diacids (24%) as major components together with carboxylic acids (9%), alcohols (6%) and 2-hydroxyacids (0.1%). This similarity to suberin of other species indicates that Arabidopsis roots can serve as a model for suberized tissue in general.

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Characterization and biosynthesis of non-degradable polymers in plant cuticles

Cited by 108 publications

References 14 publications

Ultrastructure and Composition of the Nannochloropsis gaditana Cell Wall

Ultrastructure and Composition of the Nannochloropsis gaditana Cell Wall

The Biopolymers Cutin and Suberin

Apoplastic polyesters in Arabidopsis surface tissues – A typical suberin and a particular cutin

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