Characterization and Classification of Turkish Wines Based on Elemental Composition

Abstract

Commercial wines from 13 native and nonnative varieties in Turkey were analyzed for their elemental composition. Wines from four vintages (2006)(2007)(2008)(2009) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma with atomic emission spectrometry and mass spectroscopy (ICP-AES and ICP-MS) followed by multivariate statistics to study vintage, varietal, and regional differences. According to the partial least squares-discriminant analysis, wines from western regions could be discriminated with their higher Pb content. The red wines of two native grapes, Boğazkere and Öküzgözü, were separated from the remaining varieties based on their high Ca and low B and Cu levels. Öküzgözü wines were different from Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon wines. Similarly, native Emir wines showed differences from Muscat wines. The effective variables for discrimination analysis were natural minerals (Sr, Li, Al, Ba, and B) and minerals originating from agricultural activities, processing, or pollution (Ca, Cu, Mg, Co, Pb, and Ni). Characteristics of Turkish wines from native and nonnative grape varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, and Chardonnay were defined in terms of their mineral content for the first time.

Levels of selected metals in wines from different Herzegovinian viticultural localities

“…Excluding wines from the Stolac locality, the average concentration of Cu in the remaining 14 wines was 172 μg/L, which is below or at the level of concentrations of this metal which were noted for some Croatian (180 μg/L, Bukovčan et al, 2009;Tariba et al, 2011b), Romanian (122 -538 μg/L, Calin et al, 2012), Serbian (100 -460 μg/L, Suturović and Marjanović, 1998;70 -570 Lazos and Alexakis, 1989), Ethiopian (500 -1500 μg/L, Woldemariam and Chandravanshi, 2011), and Slovenian wines (110 μg/L for white and 370 μg/L for red wines, Kristl et al, 2003). Nevertheless, the average concentration of Cu in these 14 wines was higher than those reported for some Spanish (58 and 113 Sen and Tokatli, 2014) and Slovenian white wines (500 μg/L, Kristl et al, 2003). Zinc was also found in all analysed wines in concentrations well below the maximum acceptable limit set by the OIV (5000 μg/L).…”

“…Previously reported concentrations in only four analysed Herzegovinian wines were much lower, varying from 110 to 480 μg/L (Blesić et al, 2010). The concentrations of Zn in Herzegovinian wines analysed this time, especially in those from the Stolac locality, were above its concentrations reported in Argentinian (24 -130 μg/L, Lara et al, 2005), Central Balkan (100 -300 μg/L, Ražić and Onjia, 2010), Turkish (81 -808 μg/L, Sen and Tokatli, 2014), Slovenian (Pinot noir: 400 μg/L, white wines: 600 μg/L, Kristl et al, 2003), Chilean (700 μg/L, Laurie et al, 2010), Serbian (160 -790 μg/L, Suturović and Marjanović, 1998;210 -670 Nickel was determined in only four out of the 24 analysed wines, with an average concentration of 259 μg/L. The wines from Stolac and Čitluk did not contain Ni in concentrations above the limit of detection of the applied analytical method.…”

“…The fourth group includes subsequent contaminations of wine with metals by the equipment used during the processing of grapes into wine, the characteristics of vessels for wine storage, including even the characteristics of a glass used for wine bottles (Eschnauer, 1982;Kaufmann, 1998;Cabrera-Vique et al, 1997;Teissèdre et al, 1998a;Teissèdre et al, 1998b;Almeida and Vasconcelos, 2003a;Kristl et al, 2003). A number of researches suggested relations between the concentrations of metals in wines with wider or narrower geographic or geological origins of grapes (Kment et al, 2005;Galgano et al, 2008;Ražić and Onjia, 2010;Fiket et al, 2011;García-Rodríguez et al, 2011;Sen and Tokatli, 2014). It seems that these relations could easily be established for the concentrations of geogenic elements.…”

“…In the recently available literature many results on concentrations of these seven metals in wines from different countries could be found. A number of researchers reported concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn (Lazos and Alexakis, 1989;Marin and Ostapczuk, 1992;Mena et al, 1997;Suturović and Marjanović, 1998;Galani-Nikolakaki et al, 2002;Kristl et al, 2003;Orescanin et al, 2003;Lara et al, 2005;Catarino et al, 2008;Galgano et al, 2008;La Pera et al, 2008;Bukovčan et al, 2009;Voica et al, 2009;Volpe et al, 2009;Kostić et al, 2010, Ražić andOnjia, 2010;García-Rodríguez et al, 2011;Tariba et al, 2011a;Tariba et al, 2011b;Woldemariam and Chandravanshi, 2011;Calin et al, 2012;Sen and Tokatli, 2014). Concentrations of Mn, Cr, and Ni are somewhat less frequently reported (Eschnauer, 1982;Lazos and Alexakis, 1989;CabreraVique et al, 1997;Lendinez et al, 1998;Teissèdre et al, 1998a;Galani-Nikolakaki et al, 2002;Kristl et al, 2003;Orescanin et al, 2003;Lara et al, 2005;Catarino et al, 2008;Galgano et al, 2008;Bukovčan et al, 2009;Voica et al, 2009;Volpe et al, 2009;Ražić and Onjia, 2010;García-Rodrígue...…”

Разработка Системы Показателей Качества И Технологических Свойств В Цепочке «виноград - Сусло - Виноматериал - Вино», Дифференцирующей Вина Крыма По Географическому Происхождению

“…Как показывает анализ литературных сведений, современные исследования в этом направлении акцентируются на поиске решений для идентификации происхождения готовой продукции. В качестве идентифицирующих критериев предлагаются показатели, как непосредственно связанные с качественными характеристиками винопродукции (в частности, компоненты углеводно-кислотного [1,2], фенольного [3,4], ароматобразующего [5,6] комплексов), так и показатели, взаимосвяь которых с качеством продукции весьма опосредована или не доказана (аминокислотный, катионно-анионный состав, редкоземельные и микроэлементы [7][8][9][10], соотношениz изотопов 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, 13 с/ 12 с, 18 о/ 16 о [11][12][13] и др. Чаще всего современнные подходы к идентификации происхождения вин базируются на измерении системы показателей [14][15][16].…”