Characterization and dating of recent and fossil bone by X-ray diffraction

The Effects of Sample Treatment and Diagenesis on the Isotopic Integrity of Carbonate in Biogenic Hydroxylapatite

“…We discovered no clear differences in [002] height or width, either between modern and fossil specimens, or between isotopically altered and unaltered fossils ( [202] reflection were distinct in fossils, whereas in modern bones, the peaks merged into one broad peak (Figure 2(a) & (d)). However this peak sharpening, which denotes an increase in crystallinity (Bartsiokas & Middleton, 1992;Person et al, 1995), occurred in all fossil human bones, not just in bones with altered isotope values.…”

“…Post-mortem recrystallization of hydroxylapatite is more difficult to remedy. Because they are composed of small crystals, bone and dentin undergo extensive recrystallization, which has been detected by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy (Hassan, Termine & Haynes, 1977;Tuross, Behrensmeyer & Eanes, 1989;Bartsiokas & Middleton, 1992;Person et al, 1995). Tooth enamel hydroxylapatite, which is more dense and more crystalline, is less susceptible to recrystallization.…”

Informative Potential of Multiscale Observations in Archaeological Biominerals Down to Nanoscale

“…(Buckley et al 2008(Buckley et al , 2010Collins et al 1995Collins et al , 1999Collins et al , 2002Richter et al 2011Richter et al , 2011aChadefaux et al 2009a;Chadefaux and Reiche 2009). Mineral matter composition and structure was investigated by means of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), FTIR and Raman spectroscopy and various other techniques have been used to screen parameters such as crystallinity, carbonate content or uptake of foreign elements [Sr, F, rare earth elements (REE)] (Person et al , 1996aBerna et al 2004;Rogers and Daniels 2002;Edwards et al 2006; Edwards and O'Connor 2012; Bartsiokas and Middleton 1992;Trueman et al 2004Trueman et al , 2008.…”

“…,2010Zazzoetal.2006;Weiner and Bar-Yosef 1990;Bartsiokas and Middleton 1992).This adds a considerable amount of information contained in their hierarchical structure from the macro-down to the nanoscale. Up to the last two decades, biological materials were essentially studied using powdered samples,which,by destroying their hierarchical organization, resulted in a considerable loss of information.…”

Relationship of the cristallinity index (CI) with the age and content of F and CO₃ ions in vertebrate fossil samples

“…La cristalinidad empieza a aumentar de una manera poco significativa en los primeros años de enterramiento (Tuross et al, 1989), siendo necesarios varios miles de años para un cambio verdaderamente importante (Sillen, 1989) La cristalinidad del apatito se ha utilizado para diferenciar el grado de diagénesis en las piezas fósi-les, midiéndose como el ancho Scherrer o línea de ensanchamiento al medio-máximo de una reflexión determinada, medida en grados 2θ. En tal sentido, diversos autores (Tuross et al, 1989;Weiner & BarYosef, 1990;Astibia et al, 1990;Bartsiokas & Middleton, 1992) han definido varios índices de cristalinidad.…”