Characterization and Differentiation of Adipose Tissue by Spectroscopic and Spectral Imaging Techniques

Abstract

Adipose tissue is a metabolically active endocrine organ having a distribution in a variety of locations in whole body; therefore, it is crucial to understand the adipocyte metabolism in health and disease. Spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are widely used to characterize biological systems by monitoring cellular molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Obesity or insulin resistance-induced molecular alterations in adipose tissue can be detected using these techniques. Spectral imaging of adipose tissue provides high-quality information involving molecular compositional, structural, and functional alterations for characterization and differentiation of adipocytes (brown, white) in different adipose tissue regions (visceral, subcutaneous, etc.). In this chapter, applications of spectroscopic and spectral imaging techniques for characterization and differentiation of various adipose tissues will be discussed, which will shed light to better understand adipose tissue metabolism and provide new insight into diagnosis and treatment of some metabolic diseases such as obesity.

Retinoic acid induces the osteogenic differentiation of cat adipose tissue‐derived stromal cells from distinct anatomical sites

“…The average adipocyte area of the VAT was found to be higher than that of SCAT, which is consistent with data reported by previous works performed in mice and cows (Akter et al, 2011; Sackmann‐Sala et al, 2012). This may be related to metabolic differences, since VAT adipocytes show greater lipolytic activity and seem to present an increased metabolic activity, as compared to SCAT adipocytes (Akter et al, 2011; Arner, 1995; Baloğlu & Severcan, 2018). Additionally, VAT was found to be more vascularized—with either small and large caliber vessels—than SCAT, a finding similar to the previously reported data on human adipose tissue (Baloğlu & Severcan, 2018; Ibrahim, 2010).…”

Vibrational Spectroscopy Fingerprinting in Medicine: from Molecular to Clinical Practice

“…Obesity, strongly correlated to diabetes condition and many other diseases, contributes to functional infirmities in liver or muscle tissues. As already established in earlier sections, disease conditions produce variations of structure, composition, concentration, and function of specific biomolecules directly revealed in the vibrational spectrum and can be evaluated using vibrational spectroscopy practices [114]. This hypothesis is applied also for obesity disorder, since IR identifies the molecular modifications in order to understand the disease development and to detect specific diagnostic spectral biomarkers.…”

Review: The Development of Infrared Radiation Applications in Medical Field

“…The characteristic effect is a recurrent instability between the state of power absorption and dissipation that activates hyper weight gain. In last years, the prevalence of obesity has risen significantly and achieved global epidemic proportions [36,37]. Unhealthy eating patterns, decreased physical activity, Life design improvement, planning, genetic preparation, and youth opposite contribute to an environment that promotes characteristics that allows these ills to be gradually diffused by most older classes [38].…”