Emerging ionic liquid
lubricants were discovered only 20 years
ago. The superior performance of ionic liquids over traditional lubricating
fluids have been reviewed, including low-temperature fluidity, viscosity–temperature
properties, thermal oxidation stability, ultralow volatility, incompressibility,
electrical conductivity, friction coefficient under elastohydrodynamic
lubrication conditions, friction reduction and antiwear performance
under boundary lubrication conditions, environmental friendliness,
etc. The applications where ionic liquids are superior to traditional
lubricant fluids are presented, including hydrogen compressor lubricating
fluids and liquid pistons, oxygen compressor lubricating fluids, hydraulic
fluids, space lubricants, vehicle engine oils, industrial gear oils,
metalworking fluids, industrial coolant, micro/nano electromechanical
system applications, electrical conductive lubricants, etc. The ability
of ionic liquids to replace ZDDP, a key additive of lubricating oil,
is introduced. The future development prospects of ionic liquid lubricants
are analyzed.