Characterization and Identification of Na‐Cl Sources in Ground Water

Abstract

Elevated concentrations of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) in surface and ground water are common in the United States and other countries, and can serve as indicators of, or may constitute, a water quality problem. We have characterized the most prevalent natural and anthropogenic sources of Na+ and Cl- in ground water, primarily in Illinois, and explored techniques that could be used to identify their source. We considered seven potential sources that included agricultural chemicals, septic effluent, animal waste, municipal landfill leachate, sea water, basin brines, and road deicers. The halides Cl-, bromide (Br), and iodide (I) were useful indicators of the sources of Na+-Cl- contamination. Iodide enrichment (relative to Cl-) was greatest in precipitation, followed by uncontaminated soil water and ground water, and landfill leachate. The mass ratios of the halides among themselves, with total nitrogen (N), and with Na+ provided diagnostic methods for graphically distinguishing among sources of Na+ and Cl- in contaminated water. Cl/Br ratios relative to Cl- revealed a clear, although overlapping, separation of sample groups. Samples of landfill leachate and ground water known to be contaminated by leachate were enriched in I and Br; this provided an excellent fingerprint for identifying leachate contamination. In addition, total N, when plotted against Cl/Br ratios, successfully separated water contaminated by road salt from water contaminated by other sources.

Urbanization and Major Ion Hydrogeochemistry of the Shallow Aquifer at the Effurun - Warri Metropolis, Nigeria

“…Notes: al = leachate from waste dump at Esisi area; aes = groundwater from domestic borehole near the waste dump; all other sample codes explained in Table 1. Data for the leachate and borehole water obtained from Akudo et al (2010) Dumpsite and landfill leachate and sewage are indeed known sources of chloride, bicarbonate, calcium and magnesium loading to native groundwater (Panno et al, 2006;Uma, 2004;Hanchar 1991;Bradley et al, 1987, Baedecker & Back, 1979. Thus Akudo et al (2010) report dumpsite leachate concentrations of up to 932mg/l, 2,208mg/l, 170mg/l and 396 mg/l for Na, HCO 3, SO 4 and Cl respectively from dumpsites in Warri, while Efe, Cheke and Ojoh (2013) show that up to twenty five huge and open garbage dumpsites and landfills are randomly located in the metropolis, Figure 2.…”

A holistic approach to the assessment of the groundwater destructive effects on stone decay in Edfu temple using AAS, SEM-EDX and XRD

“…It does not have by itself a disintegrating effect once it has crystallized, but it forms incrustations that are very hard and intractable. Regarding sodium chloride, it is the most common salt in urban areas (Panno et al 2006), produced by the solution of halite which leads through hydration and dehydration cycles to promote the deterioration of surfaces by its action on other salts that may be present under the effect of varying temperature (Wells et al 2006).…”

Recharge source and hydrogeochemical evolution of shallow groundwater in a complex alluvial fan system, southwest of North China Plain

“…However, it is difficult to estimate the origin of Cl by current data. Anthropic origin was the most possible response for the extreme values (Panno et al 2006). Generally, as it enters into the Taihang Mt.…”